Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu zishobora koherezwa ahantu hanini hambere ya gride: co - iherereye hamwe nibisekuruza, mumiyoboro yohereza, kubisaranganya, no inyuma ya metero zabakiriya. Buri kibanza gikora intego zitandukanye zishingiye kubisabwa na gride, ibintu byubukungu, hamwe ningufu zikenewe zo guhuza ingufu.
Urusobemiyoboro - Igipimo kinini cyoherejwe kurubuga rwibisekuru
Uburyo bworoshye bwo kohereza burimo gushyira uburyo bwo kubika ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu mubikoresho byabyaye. Izi ngamba - ingamba zaho zimaze kumenyekana cyane, zingana na 40% byoherejwe na batiri nshya muri 2024 ugereranije na 50% muri 2023.
Imirasire y'izuba - wongeyeho - imishinga yo kubika yiganje muri iki cyiciro. Umushinga w'izuba rya Gemini muri Nevada, watangiye gukora muri Nyakanga 2024, uhuza imirasire y'izuba ya MW 690 hamwe na MW 380 MW / 1,416 MWh. Iboneza bifata izuba ryinshi mugihe cyamasaha yumusaruro kandi ikohereza mugihe cyo gukenera nimugoroba iyo izuba rigabanutse.
Co - ikibanza gitanga ibyiza byinshi. Amafaranga yo kwishyiriraho agabanukaho 10-15% mugihe ububiko busangiye ibikorwa remezo nibikoresho byabyaye, harimo transformateur, imiyoboro ya gride, hamwe nubukode bwubutaka. Icy'ingenzi cyane, iyi mikorere igabanya igihombo cyoherejwe kuva ingufu zidakora urugendo rurerure mbere yo kubika.
Ariko, imbogamizi za geografiya zifite akamaro. Imirima yumuyaga ahantu hitaruye hamwe nubushobozi bukomeye ariko ubushobozi buke bwo kohereza bwunguka byinshi kububiko bwa -. Texas yohereje 6.4 GW yububasha bushya bwa batiri mu 2024, hamwe n’ibikorwa byinshi mu mirima y’umuyaga muri Texas y’iburengerazuba aho ubwinshi bw’imashanyarazi bwagabanije amateka ya 5-8% y’umuyaga.
Kugeza mu 2024, Amerika yariyongereyeho 9.2 GW yububiko bushya bwo kubika bateri, hamwe na 3.2 GW muri sisitemu ya Hybrid - cyane cyane izuba - hiyongereyeho -. Iyi mibare yerekana kumenyekanisha kwiyongera ko sisitemu yo kubika ingufu zishobora gukora neza iyo zoherejwe aho ibisekuruza bibera.
Guhuza Umuyoboro
Gukoresha uburyo bwo kubika ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu mu miyoboro ikwirakwiza bikemura ikibazo gitandukanye: kwimura ingufu ziva mu gisekuru - uturere dukize kugirango dusabe ibigo bitubatse imirongo mishya ihenze.
Umushinga wo mu Budage Netzbooster (Grid Booster) urerekana ubu buryo. Sisitemu ya batiri 250 MW kuri Kupferzell, iteganijwe kurangira muri 2025, yicaye kuri gride nini. Irabika ingufu z'umuyaga mwinshi ziva mu majyaruguru y'Ubudage ikayirekura iyo inganda zo mu majyepfo zikeneye amashanyarazi, zikagura neza ubushobozi bwo kohereza 20-30% utiriwe wongeraho insinga.
Californiya na Texas bingana na 61% byo kohereza muri Amerika - byoherejwe kurwego. Muri Californiya ya CAISO ya Californiya, 6 GW yububiko irashobora gukorera kumurongo wa gride, ifasha gucunga ingufu za leta ziva mumirasire y'izuba ikenera kugera mumijyi yinyanja. Australiya irateganya imishinga isa, hamwe na sisitemu ya MW 300 hafi ya Victoria yagenewe kohereza amashanyarazi hagati y’ibihugu, bigatuma ibikorwa remezo bikwirakwizwa bihari.
Urubanza rwubukungu rwohereza - urwego sisitemu yo kubika ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu mu turere dufite umuvuduko mwinshi wa gride. Iyo imirongo yohereza ikubise ubushobozi, ibikorwa byingenzi bigabanya ibisekuru bishobora kuvugururwa cyangwa kwishyura generator kugirango uhagarike - byombi birahenze. Ububiko kuri pointleck point bufata ubundi - gutakaza ingufu.
Ibi bikoresho bisaba gutegura neza. Abakoresha amashanyarazi nka CAISO na ERCOT (Texas) bagomba guhuza kohereza ububiko hamwe nukuri - igihe cyo kohereza. Imishinga isanzwe iri hagati ya MW 100 na 500 MW, nini bihagije kugirango igire ingaruka nziza mumashanyarazi yo mukarere ariko ifite ubunini bujyanye nimbogamizi zogukwirakwiza.
Sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza no kohereza Substation
Kwimura epfo, sisitemu yo kubika ingufu zishobora kugabanywa no gukwirakwiza imirongo ikenera gride ikenewe. Ibi bikoresho ntibishobora kurenga MW 50 ariko bigira uruhare runini muri gride ituje kandi yizewe.
Ikwirakwizwa - urwego rwububiko rwerekana adresse ihindagurika ryatewe nimpinduka zishobora kuvugururwa. Iyo izuba hejuru yinzu itunguranye kumurongo mugihe cyigicu kirengana, ububiko burashobora gushiramo ingufu muri milisegonda kugirango ugumane ingufu za voltage. Iyi porogaramu yatumye ibikorwa byoherezwa mu turere dukwirakwizwa cyane n’izuba, cyane cyane Californiya na Hawaii.
Kogosha impinga byerekana urundi rugabano rwo gukoresha. Mu gihe cyizuba gishyushye nyuma ya saa sita iyo ubukonje butwara imitwaro, impinduka zo gukwirakwiza zirashobora kurenza urugero. Ububiko bwishyurwa mugihe cyamasaha - amasaha yo hejuru arashobora kuzuza amasoko muri aya masaha ya 3-4 yamadirishya, bikadindiza ivugurura ryahenze. Ibikorwa muri Arizona na Texas byohereje MW zirenga 500 za sisitemu kuva 2023.
Uruganda rukora amashanyarazi rwa Moss muri Californiya, nubwo rufite ingufu za MW 750, rugaragaza inyungu zo gukwirakwiza ku gipimo. Iherereye hafi yumujyi munini, igaburira mu buryo bworoshye imiyoboro ikwirakwiza, ikirinda ubwikorezi bwanduye bugira ingaruka ku bigo bya kure.
Ishoramari mukwirakwiza - urwego sisitemu yo kubika ingufu zishobora kwihuta. Intego ya 6 GW yo kubika ingufu za New York muri 2030 ireba neza gahunda yo gukwirakwiza, hamwe na MW 1.500 yagenewe sisitemu n’ubucuruzi n’abaturage - sisitemu ihuza urwego rwo gukwirakwiza ingufu za voltage.
Inyuma - the - Ibipimo byabakiriya
Icyiciro cya kane cyo kohereza gishyiraho uburyo bwo kubika ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa kumitungo yabakiriya - aho gutura, ubucuruzi, cyangwa inganda. Izi inyuma ya - sisitemu - metero (BTM) ikora cyane cyane kubwinyungu zabakiriya aho gushyigikirwa na gride, nubwo igenda ikora intego zombi.
Ububiko bwo guturamo bwiyongereye muri Californiya nyuma y’ihinduka rya politiki ya NEM 3.0 mu 2024.Icyiciro cya mbere - amazu y’amazu yubatswe agera kuri MW 250, hamwe n’igipimo cy’umugereka (ububiko bufatanije n’izuba) cyageze kuri 46%. Ba nyiri amazu bashiraho ububiko kugirango barusheho gukoresha - gukoresha izuba hejuru yinzu no kugumana ingufu zokugarura mugihe cyacitse, ibyo bikaba byiyongereye inshuro nyinshi kubera umuriro w’ishyamba - kuzimya.
Ibikorwa byubucuruzi ninganda byibanda kugabanya ibiciro byamashanyarazi. Amafaranga asabwa - amafaranga ashingiye ku mikoreshereze y’amashanyarazi - ashobora kugereranya 30 - 50% y’amafaranga y’ikigo. Mugusohora ububiko mugihe cyibisabwa, ubucuruzi bugabanya cyane ayo mafaranga. Ibigo byamakuru hamwe nibikoresho byitumanaho byakiriye neza ubu buryo, hamwe nabakozi benshi bakomeye bahinduranya sisitemu ya batiri ya lithium-ion nkibikoresho byabo byibanze byanyuma.
Ibikoresho byinganda hamwe na - urubuga rusubirwamo rwunguka byinshi muri sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za BTM. Inganda zikora izuba hejuru yinzu cyangwa umuyaga muto wumuyaga ukoresha ububiko kugirango uhindure neza umusaruro kandi urebe imbaraga zihoraho kubikoresho byoroshye. Parike zirenga 200 mu Ntara ya Jiangsu mu Bushinwa zashyize inyuma ya - sisitemu yo kubika metero - kuva 2018.
Igice cyo kubika cyagabanijwe cyashyizweho 238 MW / 510 MWh muri Q 2 2024 wenyine. Igiti Mackenzie giteganya 12 GW yo kubika amazu na 2.5 GW yubucuruzi hagati ya 2024 - 2028. Ibi inyuma ya - byoherejwe na metero bigenda byitabira gahunda za serivise za gride, bigatuma uturere dukusanya sisitemu ntoya muri "amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi" atanga ubufasha bwa gride mugihe cyihutirwa.
Ibyemezo byo Kohereza
Ibintu byinshi bigena ahantu heza hoherezwa kuri sisitemu yo kubika ingufu zishobora kubaho. Gusobanukirwa ibi bifasha abitezimbere, ibikorwa byingirakamaro, hamwe nabakoresha grid gufata ibyemezo byo kwicara neza.
Ikiguzi cyo guhuza ibiciro: Inyuma - metero {1} Ikoreshwa rya sisitemu - sisitemu irashobora gukoresha $ 50 - 150 kuri kilo ku bikorwa remezo bihuza imiyoboro, mugihe inyuma ya - kwishyiriraho metero bifasha abakiriya guhuza.
Inzira yinjira: Ikibanza kigena amahirwe yo kwinjiza. Kohereza - ububiko bwurwego rushobora kugera kumasoko yingufu nyinshi, kwishura ubushobozi, hamwe na serivisi zinyongera. Ikwirakwizwa rya sisitemu - urwego rwinjiza amafaranga yo gutinza ibikorwa remezo byingirakamaro. Inyuma ya {5}
Igisubizo Igihe gisabwa: Ahantu hatandukanye ya gride isaba umuvuduko utandukanye. Ihererekanyabubasha - urwego rushobora kongera ingufu zokubika ingufu zishobora kwishyurwa no gusohora hejuru ya 4 - amasaha azenguruka amasoko yo mukarere - uburyo bukenewe. Ikwirakwizwa - ububiko bwurwego bugomba gusubiza mumasegonda kugirango ihindagurika rya voltage. Inyuma ya - sisitemu yubucuruzi ya metero isanzwe ikurikiza uburyo bwa buri munsi buteganijwe bujyanye nibikorwa byikigo.
Politiki n'ibidukikije bigenga: Politiki ya leta igira uruhare runini muburyo bwo kohereza. Manda yo kubika Californiya yatwaye akamaro - kubaka igipimo - hanze, mugihe New York yibanze ku kwihangana byatumaga igabanywa hamwe na sisitemu -. Isoko rya Texas ryahinduwe ryashishikarije kohereza ibicuruzwa - urwego rusubiza ibimenyetso byibiciro. Kugeza mu 2024, Kaliforuniya yari ifite GW 12,5 yububiko bwo kubika hamwe na 8 GW ya Texas, nubwo Texas yarenze Californiya mubikorwa bishya byumwaka.
Kuboneka kubutaka nigiciro: Kohereza no kubyara - ububiko bwicaye busaba ubutaka bunini. Sisitemu ya bateri ikenera hafi hegitari 1 kuri 10 - 20 MW, hiyongereyeho umutekano wumutekano. Gukwirakwiza imijyi - urwego rwimishinga akenshi rusubiramo ibintu byingirakamaro cyangwa ibibanza bya brownfield. Umushinga wa Moss Landing, nk'urugero, ufata ikibanza cya gaze gasanzwe yacyuye igihe. Inyuma ya - metero yoherejwe ikoresha umutungo wabakiriya, wirinda kubona ubutaka butandukanye.
Imiyoboro ikenewe: Abakoresha amashanyarazi berekana ahantu runaka ububiko butanga agaciro ntarengwa. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na CAISO mu 2024 bwerekanye 40+ aho inzitizi zitangirira aho sisitemu yo kubika ingufu zishobora kongera miliyari 2 z'amadolari mu kuzamura imiyoboro. Izi ntego zoherejwe zitanga inyungu zirenze izisanzwe muri rusange nta mbogamizi.
Uburyo bushya bwo kohereza
Inzira ziheruka zerekana ingamba zo kohereza zigenda zishingiye ku kuzamura ikoranabuhanga n'uburambe ku isoko. Ikiringo - igihe kirekire ububiko bushobora gusohora imbaraga zose - ubu biratandukana bitewe nahantu, hamwe na sisitemu yagenewe guhuza ibikenewe byaho.
Kwishyiriraho Texas impuzandengo yamasaha 1.7 yo kumara igihe cyo gusohora, bihuye na leta ikaze nimugoroba. Sisitemu ya Californiya igereranya amasaha agera kuri 4, ikagaragaza igihe kinini cyo gukenera nimugoroba nyuma yizuba rirangiye. Imishinga yo muri Amerika y'Epfo iragaragara hamwe nigihe cyamasaha 4.2 mugihe cyo kugereranya, bigamije kwagura porogaramu zishobora kuvugururwa.
Ingano yumushinga iragenda yihuta. Kuri Q 3 2024, abashinzwe iterambere bari batangiye kubaka kuri 14.2 GW yubushobozi bwa bateri nshya, hamwe imishinga 140 irenga 1 GWh iteganijwe muri 2025 - 26. Imishinga 30 irenga 2 GWh - ihwanye na 500 MW sisitemu ikora amasaha 4. Ibi bikoresho binini, bidashoboka mu myaka itanu ishize, bifite ishingiro bihuza imiyoboro yoherejwe hamwe nubushakashatsi bwihariye bwa gride.
Gusubiramo ibikorwa remezo bihari byerekana ubundi buryo bugaragara. Ibikorwa bifasha ibihingwa bya peteroli biva mu kiruhuko cyiza muri sisitemu yo kubika ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu, gukoresha imiyoboro ihari, ubutaka, hamwe nimpushya. FirstLight Power irateganya gusimbuza uruganda rukora amashanyarazi rwa Connecticut hamwe na bateri mu 2025. New York yatanze igitekerezo cyo guhindura ibintu nk'ibihingwa byinshi byangiza imyanda, byaba byiza bitarenze 2030.
Umuyoboro wisi kugeza 2030 ubu urenga 1 TWh yimishinga iteganijwe, kwiyongera igihumbi - kuva kurwego 2021. Uturere dushya nko mu Burayi bwo Hagati n’Uburasirazuba, Arabiya Sawudite, na Chili biteza imbere amasoko y’ubushobozi hamwe na gahunda yo gutanga amasoko yagenewe gushimangira kohereza ububiko.
Ibitekerezo byo gutoranya urubuga
Abashoramari basuzuma ahantu runaka boherejwe bagomba gusuzuma ibintu byinshi bifatika birenze - urwego rwo hejuru. Ibi bisobanuro akenshi bigena umushinga ushoboka.
Uruhushya na zone: Amabwiriza yaho aratandukanye cyane. Inkiko zimwe zerekana ububiko bwa batiri nkibikoresho byinganda bisaba isuzuma ryinshi ryibidukikije. Abandi babifata nka transformateur hamwe byemewe. New York yashyizeho ibipimo byihariye byo kwirinda umuriro mu kubika ingufu nyuma y’ibyabaye 2023, bisaba ibikoresho by’umutekano byongeye kandi bigasubira inyuma. Inyuma ya - sisitemu yo guturamo ya - ihura n’amashyirahamwe y’abafite amazu mu baturage bamwe, nubwo leta nyinshi zashyizeho amategeko abuza ayo mategeko.
Kuboneka kurubuga: Kohereza no gukwirakwiza - urwego rwibanze rukeneye uburyo bwo kubungabunga no gutabara byihutirwa. Imbuga zisaba umuhanda wose - ikirere gishyigikira amakamyo 40 -. Inyuma ya - ya metero yoherejwe mumijyi irashobora guhura na dock cyangwa inzitizi zo kuzamura ibikoresho.
Ibidukikije: Ubushyuhe bukabije bugira ingaruka kumikorere ya bateri no kubaho. Sisitemu mubihe bishyushye nka Arizona bisaba sisitemu yo gukonjesha ikomeye, wongeyeho 5 - 10% kubiciro byumushinga. Ikirere gikonje gikeneye sisitemu yo gushyushya. Ibikoresho byo ku nkombe bihura n'umunyu utera ruswa. Ibibazo by’umwuzure-inkubi y'umuyaga yangije ibikoresho byinshi byo ku nkombe z'Ikigobe, bituma hasabwa ibyerekezo bishya.
Imirongo ihuza umurongo: N'ahantu heza, ubushakashatsi bwo guhuza no kwemeza bifata amezi 18 - amezi 36 yo kohereza imishinga -. Amerika ifite umuyoboro wa 519 GW (2024 Q2) kugeza 601 GW (2024 Q3), ariko benshi bahura nubukererwe bwumurongo. Isaranganya - urwego rwimishinga rwihuta, mubisanzwe 6 - amezi 12. Inyuma-ya-metero yo guturamo irashobora guhuza mubyumweru.
Kwakira abaturage: Sisitemu nini yo kubika ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa zihura n’abatavuga rumwe n’akarere kubera ibibazo by’umutekano w’umuriro, ingaruka zigaragara, cyangwa urusaku ruva muri sisitemu yo gukonjesha. Uruhare rwambere rwabaturage hamwe na protocole yumutekano iboneye ifasha. Imishinga yerekana inyungu zaho - kwizerwa rya gride, ibiciro byamashanyarazi make, guhuza ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu - muri rusange bihura nimbogamizi nke.
Iyo ibi bintu bifatika bihuye nuburyo bwo kohereza ibintu, imishinga igenda neza. Iyo batonganye, abitezimbere bagomba kongera gushushanya cyangwa kwimuka, batitaye ku nyungu zishingiye ku nyigisho.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati ya - ya - metero - na inyuma ya - uburyo bwo kubika metero -?
Imbere - ya - sisitemu yo kubika ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa - zihuza neza na gride yingirakamaro kurubuga rwibisekuruza, imirongo yohereza, cyangwa insimburangingo. Bakorera grid - ibikenewe byinshi kandi bitabira amasoko menshi. Inyuma ya {6} Itandukaniro ryibanze ni nyirubwite nintego yibanze - ibikorwa cyangwa abikorera bigenga batunze imbere - ya - umutungo wa - kugirango ubone inyungu za gride, mugihe abakiriya batunze inyuma ya - sisitemu ya - sisitemu yo kwikorera no- gukoresha no kuzigama amafaranga.
Nigute igihe cyo kubika kigira ingaruka kumahitamo yoherejwe?
Sisitemu ngufi - sisitemu yo kumara (1 - amasaha 2) ikora neza mugukwirakwiza insimburangingo ya voltage no inyuma ya - imbuga za - kugirango zicungwe neza. Hagati - sisitemu yo kumara (amasaha 2-4) ikwiranye nimbuga zitanga imiyoboro hamwe numuyoboro wohereza kugirango uhindure izuba ryinshi kugeza nimugoroba. Ububiko bumara igihe kirekire (4-8+ amasaha) bugamije kugabanuka no gukwirakwiza isoko ryinshi aho ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga bifata ibiciro byinshi. Sisitemu ya Californiya yamasaha 4 yerekana politiki isabwa mugukwirakwiza nimugoroba, mugihe Texas yamasaha 1.7 ihuza amahirwe yisoko.
Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu zishobora kwimurwa nyuma yo koherezwa bwa mbere?
Muburyo bwa tekiniki ariko mubukungu bidashoboka kubikorwa - sisitemu yubunini. Ibikoresho bya bateri ni modular kandi biratwarwa, ariko imiyoboro ya gride ihuza ikiguzi kinini kandi umwanya munini - ibintu bitwara. Iyo bimaze guhuzwa nogukwirakwiza cyangwa gukwirakwiza ibikorwa remezo hamwe na transfert zabugenewe hamwe nibikoresho byo kurinda, kwimuka byagwiza ayo mafaranga. Inyuma ya - sisitemu yubucuruzi - rimwe na rimwe yimuka iyo ubucuruzi bwimutse, ariko ibyinshi birahoraho. Amasezerano yubukode bwingirakamaro - imishinga minini ikora imyaka 15-30.
Ni uruhe ruhare ibiciro by'amashanyarazi byaho bigira mu byemezo byo kohereza?
Ibyingenzi inyuma ya - ya - yoherejwe aho ububiko bukemura ibibazo byubucuruzi. Igihe - cya - gukoresha igipimo gifite impinga nini / hejuru - itandukanye (Californiya, Hawayi) ituma ububiko bwunguka cyane. Igipimo cya Flat gitanga agaciro ka kamarampaka. Amafaranga asabwa atera imbaraga zikomeye mubikorwa byubucuruzi kugirango ugabanye ibicuruzwa byinshi. Imbere - ya - sisitemu ya -, ihindagurika ry’ibiciro byinshi bifite akamaro {{12} market Isoko rya ERCOT rya Texas ryerekana ihindagurika ry’ibiciro bihebuje ububiko, mu gihe amasoko afite ibiciro bihamye atanga amahirwe make. Bamwe mubateza imbere bashakisha hejuru - igiciro - ahantu hahindagurika aho kuba hejuru - ahantu h'ibiciro.
Igisubizo giterwa nibihe byihariye n'intego zawe. Uburyo bwiza bwo guhuza bukomatanya ubushobozi bwa tekiniki, amahirwe yubukungu, hamwe na gride ikeneye gukora sisitemu igirira akamaro ba nyirayo ndetse n’ibikorwa remezo by’amashanyarazi mugari. Gusobanukirwa aho sisitemu yo kubika ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa bikwiranye na urusobe rwibinyabuzima bigizwe na gride bifasha abafatanyabikorwa gufata ibyemezo byongerera agaciro mugihe bashyigikira inzibacyuho yingufu zisukuye.