Imbaraga zo gutumanaho zitumanaho zitanga amashanyarazi yihutirwa kumiyoboro yitumanaho mugihe cya gride, mubisanzwe ukoresha bateri, generator, cyangwa selile kugirango ukomeze serivisi. Izi sisitemu zikuraho icyuho kiri hagati yo gutakaza amashanyarazi no kugarura, kwemeza iminara ya selile, ibigo byamakuru, nibikoresho byurusobe bikomeza gukora mugihe ingufu zubucuruzi zananiranye.
Gukenera ibisubizo byizewe byokwiyongera byiyongereye hamwe nurusobe rwinshi hamwe nibisabwa. Ihagarikwa rya sitasiyo imwe irashobora guhagarika serivisi kubakoresha ibihumbi, bigira ingaruka kubintu byose kuva guhamagara byihutirwa 911 kugeza kubikorwa byubucuruzi. Inzego zishinzwe kugenzura nka FCC zitegeka igihe cyihariye cyo gusubira inyuma - amasaha 24 ku biro bikuru n’amasaha 8 ku mbuga za selire-kumenya ko ibikorwa remezo by’itumanaho biri muri serivisi zikomeye z’umuryango.
Impamvu imiyoboro y'itumanaho idashobora kwihanganira gutakaza ingufu
Imiyoboro y'itumanaho ikora munsi ya zeru - kwihanganira igihe cyo gutaha. Iyo imbaraga zananiranye, ingaruka zifatika zirenze kure kubitagenda neza.
Serivise zihutirwa ziterwa ahanini nibikorwa remezo byitumanaho. Abitabiriye bwa mbere bahuza ibikorwa byo gutabara ibiza, inkeragutabara zivugana n’ibitaro, hamwe n’abaturage bahamagara 911 bose bakeneye umurongo udahagarara. Ibiza byibasiye ingufu za gride icyarimwe bituma abantu benshi bakeneye itumanaho ryihutirwa. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2024 bwerekanye ko 34% by’abatanga itumanaho bahura nibura n’ingufu 15 - buri mwaka, aho abakoresha telefone zigendanwa batakaza hafi miliyari 20 z'amadolari kubera guhagarika imiyoboro no gutesha agaciro serivisi.
Amafaranga yimigabane yihuse. Amasezerano yo murwego rwa serivisi akubiyemo ibihano bihanitse byo gutinda. Ubwikorezi bukomeye butakaza umurongo mugace ka metropolitani mugihe cyamasaha atatu gusa burashobora guhura nigihombo kirenga miliyoni 2 mugihe ubarizwa ibihano bya SLA, kugurisha abakiriya, no kwangiza ibicuruzwa. Kubucuruzi bushingiye kumurongo uhoraho, ndetse no guhagarika bigufi bihagarika ibikorwa mumiryango yose.
Imiyoboro igezweho itwara traffic cyane kurusha ibisekuruza byabanje. Guhindura kuva kuri 4G kugera kuri 5G byongereye ingufu za sitasiyo ya sitasiyo 250%, hamwe na sitasiyo imwe ya 5G ikoresha amashanyarazi agera kuri 73. Uku kwiyongera gutangaje kwingufu zibanze zisabwa bituma sisitemu yo gusubira inyuma irushaho kuba ingorabahizi kandi igoye. Iyo gride yamashanyarazi igabanutse, sisitemu zo gusubira inyuma zigomba guhita zikemura iyo mitwaro yazamutse ako kanya.
Ibice Byibanze bya Telecom Yibitseho Sisitemu
Imbaraga zokubika neza zishingiye kuri sisitemu ikora ikora muburyo bwo guhuza, buri kimwe gikemura ibintu bitandukanye bisabwa kugirango bikomeze.
Sisitemu ya Bateri: Umurongo wambere wingabo
Batteri zitanga ingufu mukanya mugihe amashanyarazi ya gride yananiwe, ikora muri milisegonda kugirango wirinde ko serivisi zihagarara. Sisitemu ikora amasegonda akomeye cyangwa iminota mbere yuko izindi nkomoko zisubiramo.
Kurongora - acide ya acide yiganjemo itumanaho mumyaka mirongo, bingana na 80% byibisubizo byakorewe ibisubizo. Valve - igenzurwa rya batiri - acide (VRLA) ikomeza gukundwa kubera igishushanyo cyayo gifunze, bisaba kutayitaho nko kuzuza amazi. Izi bateri zikora neza mubipimo byubushyuhe kandi bigatwara make cyane ugereranije nubundi buryo. Sisitemu isanzwe 48V VRLA ya sisitemu ya kure isanzwe itanga amasaha 4 - amasaha 8 yo kugabanura ku giciro cya lithium-ion.
Inganda zirimo kwerekeza kuri lithium - tekinoroji ya ion yo hejuru - ikoreshwa ryimikorere. Batteri ya Lithium fer fosifate (LFP) itanga inshuro ebyiri ubuzima bwa gurşide - aside mugihe ifata umwanya muto 60% - inyungu ikomeye mububiko bwibikoresho bifite ibirenge bike. Zishyuza byihuse, zisohora byimbitse nta byangiritse, kandi zigakomeza imikorere mubushyuhe bukabije. Mugihe ibiciro byimbere bikora inshuro 2-3 hejuru, igiciro cya nyirubwite gikunda lithium mugihe cyimyaka 10 yubuzima kubera gusimburwa gake no kubungabunga bike.
Sisitemu yo gucunga bateri yongerera ubwenge muribi bikoresho. Nukuri - gukurikirana igihe gikurikirana imbaraga za selile, ubushyuhe, na leta - ya - yishyuza, guhanura kunanirwa mbere yuko bibaho. Abakora barashobora gusuzuma kure ibibazo no kubitondekanya, kugabanya imizigo yamakamyo kurubuga rwa kure.
Amashanyarazi adahagarikwa Ibikoresho: Gutunganya no Guhindura
Sisitemu ya UPS ikora ibirenze gutanga backup - itondekanya ubuziranenge bwingufu, ikarinda ibikoresho byoroshye guhindagurika kwa voltage, kwiyongera, no guhindagurika inshuro. Ibice bitatu byingenzi bya UPS bitanga itumanaho rikenewe.
Kurubuga cyangwa kabiri - guhinduka UPS ihora ikoresha ibikoresho ikoresheje bateri na inverter, itanga amashanyarazi yuzuye ya gride anomalies. Iyi topologiya ikwiranye ninshingano - ibyingenzi aho ubwiza bwingufu bugira ingaruka mubuzima bwigihe. Ibicuruzwa birimo gutakaza ingufu 5-10% mugihe gisanzwe, ariko kurinda bikomeza kuba byimazeyo.
Umurongo - sisitemu ya UPS ikora neza iringaniza imikorere nuburinzi, ikomeza inverter muri standby mugihe ihita igenzura voltage. Izi sisitemu zikemura ibibazo byubushobozi buke buringaniye kuri 95% bikora neza, bigatuma bikundwa kurwego ruciriritse - rinini ruringaniza ibiciro kandi byizewe.
Guhagarara cyangwa kumurongo UPS itanga uburinzi bwibanze, guhinduranya bateri gusa mugihe cyo kubura. Igiciro gito hamwe nubushobozi buhanitse butuma ibyo bikwiranye na progaramu zidasanzwe, nubwo guhinduranya gutinda kwa milisegonda 4-10 bishobora kugira ingaruka kubikoresho byoroshye.
Telecom UPS mubisanzwe ikora kuri 48V DC aho kuba sisitemu ya AC isanzwe mumazu y'ibiro. Iyi voltage isanzwe, yashizweho mumyaka mirongo ishize, itanga ibyiza byumutekano hamwe nubushobozi buhanitse mukuraho intambwe nyinshi zo guhindura. Sisitemu zigezweho ziva kuri 10 kVA kurubuga ruto kugeza kuri 2000 kVA kubigo byingenzi byamakuru.
Amashanyarazi: Ubushobozi bwagutse bwo gukora
Iyo bateri zinaniza amafaranga yazo - mubisanzwe nyuma yamasaha 4 - amasaha 24 ukurikije iboneza - generator zitanga igihe kirekire. Sisitemu irashobora gukora ubuziraherezo hamwe no kongera lisansi.
Amashanyarazi ya Diesel yiganje kubera kwizerwa kugaragara no gukomera kwinshi. Kwishyiriraho bisanzwe birahita bitangira mumasegonda 10-15 nyuma yo kumenya igabanuka rya voltage yumuriro, ukeka ko umutwaro wamashanyarazi mbere yuko bateri zisohora burundu. Amavuta ya Diesel yemerera kubika amezi nta kwangirika, bitandukanye na lisansi isaba kuzunguruka buri byumweru bike.
Nyamara, sisitemu ya mazutu ihura ningorabahizi. Ibikoresho byo mumijyi bihura ningorane zemewe kubera amabwiriza y’ibyuka bihumanya n’amategeko y’urusaku. Ibisabwa byo kubungabunga birimo imyitozo ya buri cyumweru, guhindura amavuta buri masaha 100-200, no gufata neza lisansi. Ubukonje bugira ingaruka ku gutangira kwizerwa, mugihe ubujura bwa lisansi ahantu kure butera impungenge z'umutekano uhoraho. Ikirenge cya karubone nacyo cyabaye ikibazo mugihe amasosiyete y'itumanaho akurikirana ibyo yiyemeje kuramba.
Imashini itanga gaze isanzwe itanga isuku aho imirongo ya gaze ihari, ikuraho ububiko bwa peteroli hamwe nubujura. Zibyara 20 - 30% nkeya zangiza kurusha mazutu mugihe bisaba kubungabungwa gake. Imipaka iri kuboneka-gusa birashoboka aho ibikorwa remezo bya gaze bisanzwe bigera kurubuga.
Amavuta ya hydrogène yerekana ubundi buryo bwo kwiyongera gukurura muri 2024-2025. Izi sisitemu zitanga amashanyarazi binyuze mumashanyarazi hagati ya hydrogène na ogisijeni, bitanga imyuka y'amazi gusa nkibicuruzwa. Amashanyarazi ya proton (PEM) selile yerekana ko ikwiranye cyane na porogaramu zikoresha itumanaho, ikora neza mubushyuhe buke hamwe nubushobozi bwihuse bwo gutangira. Isosiyete ikora ibijyanye n’itumanaho rya Ositaraliya Telstra yafatanije n’ingufu za Ositaraliya mu 2024 kugira ngo bagerageze amashanyarazi 10 ya hydrogène y’amashanyarazi ashobora kuvugururwa ku minara ya kure. Mugihe selile zitanga ingufu zo gusubira inyuma mumyaka irenga 20, kugabanya ibiciro vuba hamwe nibikorwa remezo bya hydrogène bigenda byiyongera.
Kwishyira hamwe gushya: Baseload irambye
Imirasire y'izuba n'umuyaga iragenda yuzuza cyangwa igasimbuza amashanyarazi ya fosile, cyane cyane muri -. Ahantu hitaruye umunara mukarere kateye imbere akenshi uhuza imirasire yizuba hamwe na banki ya batiri, bikuraho gushingira kubikoresho byo gutanga mazutu.
Sisitemu ya Hybrid ihuza ibisekuru bishobora kuvugururwa hamwe nububiko bwa batiri hamwe nububiko bwamashanyarazi, bigahindura uburyo burambye mugihe bikomeza kwizerwa. Mugihe gikora gisanzwe, imirasire yizuba yishyuza bateri nibikoresho byamashanyarazi, hamwe ningufu zirenze zigurishwa kuri gride aho bishoboka. Batteri ikora ijoro ryose hamwe nibicu, mugihe generator ikora gusa mugihe amasoko ashobora kuvugururwa hamwe na batteri hamwe idashobora guhaza ibyifuzo.
Ubukungu bushyigikira uburyo bwa Hybrid muburyo bwinshi. Isesengura ryakozwe mu 2024 ryerekanye ko guhuza izuba na batiri ya litiro - ion bigabanya amafaranga yo gukoresha 40 - 60% ahantu hagaragara izuba ryizewe ugereranije na sisitemu ya mazutu gusa. Gusura kubungabunga bigabanuka kuva imirasire yizuba isaba kubungabungwa bike ugereranije na generator zisaba serivisi zisanzwe.
Ibisabwa Imbaraga Mubikorwa Remezo
Ibintu bitandukanye byurusobe bifite imbaraga zinyuma zinyuma zikenewe bitewe ninshingano zabo no kunegura.
Ibiro bikuru hamwe namakuru yamakuru
Ibi bikoresho bigize uruti rwumugongo, imiturirwa yibanze ya router, switch, na seriveri. Amabwiriza ya FCC ategeka amasaha 24 yingufu zo kugarura ibiro bikuru, akemera ko kunanirwa kuriyi node bigira ingaruka kumurimo wose.
Ibikoresho binini mubisanzwe bikoresha N +1 cyangwa 2N yerekana urugero rwinshi aho ubushobozi bwo gusubira inyuma burenze ibisabwa na sisitemu imwe yuzuye cyangwa ikubye kabiri ibikoresho byose. Ikigo gisaba 500 kWt gishobora kwishyiriraho 1.000 kW muri sisitemu ebyiri zigenga, zemerera kubungabunga cyangwa kunanirwa kwa sisitemu imwe nta ngaruka za serivisi.
Amabanki ya batiri ku bigo bikomeye arashobora kurenga MW 1, afite ibyumba byose hamwe no kurwanya ikirere. Ibi bikoresho bikoresha sisitemu yo gucunga ingufu zitezimbere hagati yingufu zingirakamaro, bateri, generator, nisoko ishobora kuvugururwa hashingiwe kubiciro, ibyuka bihumanya, hamwe nintego zo kwizerwa.
Akazu k'utugari na Sitasiyo fatizo
Ikwirakwizwa mu mijyi no mu cyaro, imbuga za selile zihura ningorane zitandukanye. Imbuga zo mumijyi mubisanzwe zifite ingufu za gride zizewe ariko umwanya muto kubikoresho byo kubika ibikoresho. Iminara yo mucyaro ikunze guhura nigihe kinini ariko ikagira umwanya wa banki nini ya batiri na generator.
Sitasiyo ya 4G isanzwe ikoresha 2 - 4 kW munsi yumutwaro. Guhinduranya kuri 5G byiyongereye kuburyo butangaje - a 64T64R nini ya MIMO nini ya MIMO ikurura 1-1.4 kW kuri antenna ikora yonyine, hamwe na baseband yongeyeho andi 2 kWt. Imbuga-bande nyinshi zishyigikira imirongo itatu cyangwa myinshi yumurongo irashobora kurenga 10 kW, hamwe nimbuga zisangiwe zikubye kabiri cyangwa inshuro eshatu ibisabwa.
Izi mbaraga zongera gushimangira ibikorwa remezo byo gusubira inyuma. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu nganda bwerekana hejuru ya 30% yimbuga zisanzwe zisaba gusubiramo sisitemu yo kugarura ibikoresho 5G. Ibikoresho byinshi bishaje byashizweho kuburemere bwa 4 kW ntibishobora kwakira ibishusho 10+ kW 5G bitarinze kuzamura bateri, generator, gukonjesha, no gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi.
Ibikoresho bya kure hamwe nibikoresho bya Edge
Sisitemu ya sisitemu yo gutwara ibintu, guhinduranya kure, hamwe no kubara impande zombi bisaba imbaraga zo gusubira inyuma ariko ku gipimo gito. Ubusanzwe ibyo bikoresho bikoresha sisitemu ya bateri yamasaha 4-8 ihagije kugirango irenze amashanyarazi menshi.
Imiterere yagabanijwe yumutungo itera ibibazo byo kubungabunga. Abakoresha bayobora ibihumbi bya kure ya terefone bakeneye sisitemu yo kugenzura iteganya kunanirwa na bateri kandi bagashyira imbere gahunda yo gusimbuza. Sisitemu yo gucunga neza bateri ikurikirana ibipimo byubuzima, ikohereza imenyesha mugihe selile zerekana uburyo bwo gutesha agaciro byerekana gutsindwa byegereje.
Impapuro zo kubara kuri 5G na IoT zirimo kugwiza imbaraga zikenewe zikenewe. Buri mpande zombi zisaba igisubizo cyacyo bwite, akenshi ahantu hatoroshye hatabayeho kurwanya ikirere cyangwa umutekano. Litiyumu - bateri za ion zigaragaza agaciro cyane hano kubera kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwagutse nubunini buke.
Inzitizi zikorwa nigisubizo
Kugumana imbaraga zokwizigirwa zizewe kurubuga ibihumbi n'ibihumbi byagabanijwe birimo ubucuruzi bugoye - hagati yimikorere, ikiguzi, nimbogamizi zifatika.
Ibidukikije bikabije
Ibikoresho by'itumanaho bikorera ahantu hose abantu bakora - nahantu henshi badakora. Ibikoresho byubutayu birwanya ubushyuhe burenga dogere 60, mugihe imbuga za Arctique zihura na dogere - 40 cyangwa ubukonje. Batteri gakondo ya aside-acide itakaza 50% yubushobozi bwayo mubukonje bukonje, mugihe ubushyuhe bukabije bwihutisha kwangirika.
Ububiko bwibikoresho mubihe bikabije bisaba gucunga neza ubushyuhe, ariko sisitemu yo gukonjesha ubwayo ikoresha ingufu kandi bisaba gusubira inyuma mugihe cyacitse. Ibi bitera ikibazo cyo guhuza aho igihe cyo gusubira inyuma kigabanuka neza mugihe gikenewe cyane.
Imiti ya batiri igezweho ikemura ibibazo byubushyuhe. Litiyumu ya fosifate ikora neza kuva kuri dogere - 20 kugeza kuri +60 nta gutakaza ubushobozi. Ibishushanyo mbonera bya VRLA bikubiyemo imicungire yubushyuhe ifasha kugenzura ubushyuhe mubidukikije bifunze. Ibikoresho bimwe bifashisha ibikoresho-bihindura ibikoresho bikurura ubushyuhe mugihe umuriro wabuze, bikomeza ubushyuhe bukora neza nta gukonjesha gukomeye.
Ubushuhe n'umukungugu birerekana izindi mpungenge. Umwuka wumunyu mubice byinyanja bikosora amasano hamwe nuruzitiro. Umukungugu mwiza wo mubutayu winjira mubikoresho nubwo hashyizweho ikimenyetso. Ubushuhe bwamazi butera imiyoboro migufi muri electronics. Igishushanyo mbonera gikwiye hamwe na NEMA 4X cyangwa IP65 amanota aba ngombwa aho guhitamo.
Kwinjira kurubuga rwa kure
Ibihumbi n'ibihumbi by'iminara y'utugari ifata imisozi miremire, ahantu h'ubutayu, cyangwa ahandi bigoye -. Kubungabunga inzira bigenda bihenze mugihe gusura serivisi bisaba gutwara kajugujugu cyangwa gutwara - amasaha menshi mumihanda idashizweho amabuye.
Uku kuri gutera amahitamo yikoranabuhanga kugana kubungabunga - ibisubizo byubusa. Litiyumu - bateri ya ion isaba kugenzurwa buri myaka 2 - 3 aho kuba aside-acide yamezi 6 yikurikiranya igabanya amafaranga yo gukora cyane. Sisitemu yo gukurikirana kure yerekana ibibazo mbere yo kunanirwa bibaho yemerera guhanura aho kubungabunga neza.
Imikorere yo kwipimisha yikora kuri sisitemu ya kijyambere ya UPS ikora igenzura ryubuzima bwa batiri buri gihe nta technicien asuye. Izi gahunda - gahunda yikizamini ikoresha sisitemu yo gusubira inyuma muri make, gupima ubushobozi hamwe n’imbere yo kurwanya iyangirika. Ibisubizo byohereza kumurongo wibikorwa aho algorithms iteganya gusimburwa bikenewe amezi mbere.
Ubujura no kwangiza
Sisitemu ya bateri irimo ibikoresho byingenzi, cyane cyane biganisha muri bateri ya VRLA. Imbuga za kure hamwe no gusurwa gake bihinduka intego yibye. Umugozi wuzuye wa bateri kuva kurubuga rwa selire ugereranya amadolari ibihumbi byinshi mugiciro cyakuweho, hamwe nabajura bifuza guhagarika gutabaza no kwangiza ibikoresho kugirango babone bateri.
Ubujura bwa lisansi mu bigega bya generator butera ibibazo bisa. Diesel yongeye kugurisha kumasoko yumukara ishishikariza ibikorwa byubujura buhanitse bikurura tanki kure. Imbuga zirashobora gutakaza litiro amagana mugihe ntabashinzwe kubibona kugeza amashanyarazi atananirwa gutangira mugihe cyo guhagarara.
Ingamba z'umutekano ziri hagati y’ibanze - zifunze, kamera, amatara - kugeza kuri sisitemu zo gukurikirana zikurikirana zikurikirana ingufu za batiri hamwe n’amavuta ya generator ubudahwema. Bamwe mubakora ibikorwa byerekana ibimenyetso muri bateri kugirango babuze ubujura, mugihe abandi bakoresha ibigo byizewe, bikomereye byongera cyane igihe nibikoresho bisabwa kugirango umuntu abone.
Guhindura lithium - ion byerekana ingaruka zumutekano zivanze. Agaciro kari hejuru kuri buri gice cyongera ubujura, ariko ingano ntoya yorohereza ibikoresho umutekano. Bamwe mubakoresha basudira uruzitiro rwa bateri kandi bagakoresha ibyuma byerekana ibyuma bihita bimenyesha amakipe yumutekano kwinjira atabifitiye uburenganzira.
Gukoresha ingufu no Kuramba
Abakora itumanaho bahura n’umuvuduko ukabije wo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere no gukoresha ingufu. Inganda zingana na 2% by’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi, imibare iteganijwe kwiyongera nta ngamba zifatika zatewe.
Sisitemu yo kubika amashanyarazi igira uruhare muri iki kirenge haba mu buryo butaziguye binyuze mu byuka byangiza ndetse no mu buryo butaziguye binyuze mu gukora bateri no kujugunya. Imashini itanga mazutu ikora amasaha 100 gusa kumwaka itanga toni nyinshi za CO2. Gukora isasu - bateri ya aside ikubiyemo ingufu - uburyo bukomeye nibikoresho byuburozi.
Abakoresha basubiza hamwe nuburyo bwinshi -. GSMA, ihagarariye abakoresha telefone zigendanwa kwisi yose, yibasiye imyuka ya - zero mu 2050, hamwe nitsinda rirenga 20 ryiyemeje gukora siyanse -. Guhitamo bateri bigenda bikunda lithium - ion kubera igihe kirekire cyo kugabanya inshuro zikora. Sisitemu ya Hybrid ikubiyemo ingufu z'izuba n'umuyaga bigabanya amashanyarazi mugihe gikabije.
Abakoresha bamwe barimo gushakisha ibinyabiziga - kugeza kuri - grid (V2G) aho ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi bishobora gutanga ingufu zokugarura byihutirwa kurubuga. Mugihe hakiri igeragezwa, uburyo bushobora gukoresha ingufu za batiri ziri mumodoka.
Guta imyanda ikomoka kuri generator hamwe na sisitemu yo gukonjesha amakuru bigenda byongerera imbaraga ibikoresho byegeranye cyangwa bigaburira sisitemu yo gushyushya uturere. Ikigo cy’amakuru muri Merikarvia, muri Finilande cyatangaje gahunda mu 2024 cyo gukwirakwiza 90% by’ubushyuhe bw’akarere bukenera ubushyuhe bw’imyanda, bigahindura neza ibyari byangiza ibidukikije mu nyungu rusange.
Ibisabwa n'amategeko no kubahiriza
Inshingano za leta zishyiraho itumanaho ryitumanaho ryitumanaho, ryemera ko ibikorwa remezo byitumanaho bitanga serivisi zingenzi zumutekano rusange.
FCC Yibitseho Manda
Nyuma y’inkubi y'umuyaga Katrina yagize ingaruka mbi ku bikorwa remezo by'itumanaho mu 2005, FCC yashyizeho ingufu zuzuye zo gusubira inyuma. Iteka rya Katrina Panel mu 2007 ryategetse abitwara kubungabunga imbaraga zokugarura byihutirwa kumitungo yose isanzwe ikoreshwa na serivisi zingirakamaro.
Ibisabwa muri iki gihe bitegeka amasaha 24 yingufu zo gusubira mu biro bikuru n’amasaha 8 ku mbuga za selire, guhinduranya kure, hamwe n’itumanaho rya terefone. Ibihe byerekana igihe gisanzwe cyo kugarura ingufu za gride ikurikira ibura ryinshi, bigatuma serivisi zikomeza mugihe gikomeye cyane.
FCC irasaba kandi abatanga serivise zitari - umurongo - zikoresha serivisi zamajwi yo guturamo kugirango batange abakiriya uburyo bwo kugarura amashanyarazi. Kuva muri 2019, abatanga isoko bagomba gutanga byibuze igisubizo kimwe gitanga amasaha 24 yingufu zo kugarura ibikoresho byabakiriya. Ibi bituma 911 igera mugihe amashanyarazi yabuze murugo nubwo serivisi ishingiye kubikoresho bisaba ingufu zaho.
Abatanga ibicuruzwa bito bahabwa ubusonerwe - Abatwara ibyiciro B bafite umurongo uri munsi yabihumbi 100.000 hamwe nabatari - mugihugu hose abatanga umugozi utanga serivisi zitarenga 500.000 basonewe kumurongo - kuruhande, nubwo inshingano zokugarura abakiriya zikoreshwa kwisi yose.
Kubahiriza birimo inyandiko zerekana ubushobozi bwa sisitemu yububiko, gahunda yo kugerageza, hamwe nogutanga ibitoro. Abatanga isoko bagomba kwerekana ko bashobora gukomeza serivisi mugihe cyacitse, harimo gahunda yihutirwa yo gutanga lisansi mugihe cyibiza mugihe iminyururu isanzwe ishobora guhungabana.
Ibipimo bya Leta n’amahanga
Intara nyinshi zishyiraho izindi nyongera zirenze minisiteri ntarengwa. Amabwiriza ya Californiya akurikira inkongi y'umuriro ategeka igihe kinini cyo gusubira inyuma ahantu harehare -. New York isaba abatwara gutanga gahunda zirambuye zo gutabara byihutirwa harimo no kugarura ingufu zidasanzwe.
Ibipimo byu Burayi biratandukanye bitewe nibihugu ariko mubisanzwe bitegeka igihe cyo gusubira inyuma. Ibihugu byo mu majyaruguru biherutse kongera ibisabwa kugeza ku masaha 72 kugira ngo itumanaho rikomeye ritanga serivisi z’ubutabazi n’umutekano. Finlande, Noruveje, na Suwede byashyizeho aya mahame akomeye mu 2023-2024 mu rwego rwo guhangana n’imvura ikaze ishobora kubuza gusana iminsi kandi bikongera ibibazo by’umutekano wa geopolitike.
Ikibazo cyibipimo byinshi byuzuzanya bitera ingorane kubakozi benshi -. Umwikorezi ukorera mu bihugu icumi agomba gukurikirana no kubahiriza amategeko icumi atandukanye agenga amategeko, buri kimwe gifite ibizamini byihariye, raporo, n'ibikoresho byihariye.
Inganda Ibikorwa byiza
Kurenga ibipimo ntarengwa, abatwara ibintu barenze ibisabwa kugirango barinde serivisi nziza kandi bazwi. Abashoramari bakomeye bakunze gukoresha ingufu za bateri yamasaha 12-16 kurubuga rwa selile aho kuba byibuze amasaha 8, batanga intera yo gutinda kwa generator cyangwa gutinda kwagutse.
Gahunda yo kwipimisha mubisanzwe irenze ibisabwa n'amategeko. Mugihe amategeko ashobora gutegeka ibizamini byumwaka, abakoresha benshi bakora imyitozo ya generator buri gihembwe no gukurikirana bateri ya buri kwezi. Ubu buryo bufatika bufata ibibazo mbere yo kugira ingaruka kuri serivisi, birinda kwangirika kw’ibicuruzwa mu gihe cy’ibiza igihe abaturage bibanda ku guhangana n’ibikorwa remezo.
Inyandiko zahindutse kuva mubitabo byimpapuro zijya muri sisitemu ihanitse yo gucunga umutungo ukurikirana buri kintu kigizwe nimbaraga zinyuma kuri neti. Ububikoshingiro bwandika amatariki yo kwishyiriraho, amateka yo kubungabunga, ibisubizo byikizamini, na gahunda yo gusimbuza, bigafasha gusesengura guhanura neza ingengo yimishinga yo kubungabunga mugihe byizewe cyane.
Ubwihindurize bw'ikoranabuhanga hamwe n'amasoko
Imiterere yinyuma yububiko ikomeza kwihuta cyane, itwarwa no guhindura imiyoboro isabwa no guhanga udushya.
Kwiyongera kw'isoko n'ubukungu
Isoko ry'ingufu zitumanaho rya terefone ryageze kuri miliyari 1.36 z'amadolari mu 2024 naho imishinga yiyongera igera kuri miliyari 2.34 z'amadolari muri 2032 ku gipimo cya 7% cy'ubwiyongere bw'umwaka. Uku kwaguka kwerekana iterambere ryurusobe ninzibacyuho isaba sisitemu yogusubiramo.
Kohereza 5G bitera byinshi muri iri terambere. Umuyoboro wogusaba bisaba imbuga za selire nyinshi - buri kimwe gikeneye imbaraga zinyuma - kugirango zitange ubwishingizi nubushobozi bwa 5G. Antenna nini ya MIMO hamwe na bande yumurongo mwinshi byongera ingufu kurubuga 250-300%, bigatuma abitwara basimbuza sisitemu zose zokubitsa aho kongerera ubushobozi mubikorwa bisanzwe.
Guhindura kuva kurongora - aside kuri lithium - ion ikora ibizunguruka bisimburana. Mugihe lithium igura imbere - $ 400 - 600 kuri kilowati hamwe na $ 150 - 250 yo kubungabunga aside-aside yo hasi kandi igihe kirekire ikagabanya igiciro cyose cya nyirubwite 20-30% mugihe cyose ubuzima bwa sisitemu. Abakoresha barimo kwihutisha ikoreshwa rya lithium nubwo ishoramari ryambere ryambere.
Ibikomoka kuri peteroli - byubusa, bikubiyemo izuba, ingufu za hydrogène, hamwe na sisitemu ya batiri yateye imbere, byerekana igice cyihuta cyihuta - giteganijwe kwiyongera ku mwaka ku mwaka wa 2033. Iri soko rya miliyari 1.84 z'amadolari mu 2024 rishobora kugera kuri miliyari 5.27 z'amadolari mu mpera z'imyaka icumi kuko igitutu kirambye cyiyongera kandi ibiciro by'ikoranabuhanga bikagabanuka.
Ikoranabuhanga rya Batiri Iterambere
Usibye impinduka za chimie, sisitemu ya bateri ubwayo ikura cyane. Ibishushanyo mbonera byemerera ubushobozi gupima bidasimbuye ibyashizweho byose. Umukoresha arashobora gutangirana namasaha 4 yo kugarura no kongeramo moderi ya batiri kugirango agere kumasaha 8 cyangwa 12 uko ibisabwa byiyongera.
Sisitemu yo gucunga neza bateri ubu irimo ubwenge bwubukorikori kugirango hongerwe uburyo bwo kwishyuza no guhanura ibikenewe. Imashini yiga algorithms isesengura umurongo wa voltage, imiterere yubushyuhe, hamwe n imyitwarire yo kwishyuza / gusohora kugirango umenye selile zerekana ibimenyetso byangirika hakiri kare amezi mbere yuko igenzura risanzwe ryerekana ibibazo.
Sodium - bateri za ion zagaragaye mu 2024 nkumuntu ushobora guhangana na lithium - ion, atanga imikorere nkiyi adashingiye kumikoro make ya lithium. Mugihe ubucucike bwingufu bukomeje kuba munsi ya 10-20% ugereranije na LFP, ubwinshi bwa sodium nigiciro gito bishobora gutuma bikurura ibintu bihagaze aho uburemere nubunini buke ugereranije no muri porogaramu zigendanwa.
Bateri zikomeye za leta -, zasezeranijwe kuva kera ariko zitinda gucuruza, zatangiye kohereza indege mu mpera za 2024.Ubwo buryo bukuraho electrolytike y’amazi, bigabanya cyane ingaruka z’umuriro mu gihe izamura ingufu za 40 - 50%. Niba ibiciro byo gukora bigabanutse nkuko byari byitezwe, leta ikomeye irashobora guhinduka tekinoroji yo gutumanaho itumanaho muri 2030.
Ubundi Imbaraga Inkomoko
Amavuta ya hydrogène yavuye mubushakashatsi bwa niche yerekeza mubikorwa bifatika. Biteganijwe ko isoko ry’ingufu za peteroli ku isi riziyongera kuri 27.1% CAGR kuva 2024 kugeza 2030, hamwe n’itumanaho ryerekana igice cyingenzi cyo gusaba. Mugihe umusaruro wa hydrogène ugabanuka kandi ibikorwa remezo bikaguka, selile zikoresha ingufu mubukungu kubibuga bisaba kugarura umunsi - umunsi utarinze lisansi.
Micro - ibisobanuro bya gride ihuza amasoko menshi yingufu - izuba, umuyaga, akamaro, bateri, na generator - guhuza ibiciro, ibyuka bihumanya, nintego zo kwizerwa icyarimwe. Izi sisitemu zigurisha ingufu zirenze urugero kuri gride mugihe gikora gisanzwe, zishyiramo bateri zifite ingufu zizuba kubuntu, kandi zigakoresha amashanyarazi gusa mugihe amasoko ashobora kuvugururwa hamwe na bateri hamwe bidashobora guhaza ibyifuzo.
Bamwe mubakora igerageza na selile ya methanol ikuraho ibibazo byo kubika hydrogène mugukomeza gukora neza. Abavugurura Methanol bagabanije amavuta ya hydrogène kuri - basabwa, birinda imiyoboro yumuvuduko hamwe na sisitemu ya kirogenike ituma ibikorwa remezo bya hydrogène bigorana.
Porogaramu n'Ubwenge
Ahari ubwihindurize bukomeye burimo software aho kuba ibyuma. Igicu {1}
Izi sisitemu ziteganya igihe cyo gukenera cyane na pre - zishyiraho bateri mugihe cyamasaha ya - mugihe amashanyarazi yaguze make. Bahuza moteri ya generator kugirango bagabanye ibyuka bihumanya mugihe byujuje ibisabwa. Bagaragaza imbuga zifite ingufu zidasanzwe zishobora kwerekana ibibazo byibikoresho cyangwa ubujura.
Ikoranabuhanga rya Digital twin ikora moderi yububiko bwa sisitemu yububiko, ituma abayigana bigana "iki - niba" ssenariyo idakora ku bikoresho bifatika. Ba injeniyeri barashobora kwerekana uburyo urubuga rwakora mugihe cyagutse, kugerageza algorithm nshya yo kugenzura, no guhitamo ibipimo bingana - byose muri software mbere yo gushora imari.
Blockchain systems- sisitemu yo gukurikirana ubuzima bwa bateri kuva mu nganda binyuze mu gutunganya ibicuruzwa byongera umusaruro urambye mu kujugunya neza no kugarura ibintu. Ibitabo byakwirakwijwe bikora inyandiko zidahinduka zerekana amabwiriza yubahirizwa kandi bigafasha amasoko ya kabiri ya bateri yakoreshejwe iracyakenewe kuri - isaba ibisabwa.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Bateriyeri itumanaho ya terefone isanzwe imara igihe kingana iki mugihe cyo kubura?
Kwishyiriraho bisanzwe bitanga amasaha 4-8 yingufu zo gusubira inyuma, nubwo abatwara benshi barenze ibi hamwe na sisitemu yamasaha 12-16. Ibiro bikuru mubisanzwe bikomeza amasaha 24 yubushobozi bwa bateri mbere yuko amashanyarazi agomba kwishora. Igihe cyogukora giterwa nibikoresho-5G bikoresha ingufu nyinshi bigabanya igihe cyo kugaruka ugereranije na sisitemu ya 4G mubushobozi bwa bateri imwe.
Bigenda bite iyo bateri na generator byombi binaniwe?
Ibikoresho bigezweho birimo ibice byinshi byuburiganya byumwihariko kugirango wirinde ibi bintu. Sisitemu ya UPS yerekana amashanyarazi kugirango itangire mugihe bateri zigifite amafaranga menshi, zitanga iminota 10-20. Niba amashanyarazi yibanze ananiwe, imbuga nyinshi zifite moteri ya kabiri cyangwa irashobora gukoresha moteri ya mobile. Kubikoresho bikomeye cyane, gahunda hamwe nimbuga zituranye zemerera kwimura imitwaro inzira zindi. Kunanirwa kwa sisitemu byuzuye mubisanzwe bisaba kunanirwa icyarimwe sisitemu nyinshi zigenga, kubungabunga neza bituma bidasanzwe.
Kuki amasosiyete y'itumanaho adakoresha bateri nini gusa aho gukoresha amashanyarazi?
Ubushobozi bwa Batteri bugura hafi $ 400 - 600 kuri kilowati kuri sisitemu ya lithium - ion. Urubuga rwa selile rukoresha 10 kW rwakenera 240 kWh ya bateri kumasaha 24 yo kugarura-hafi $ 120.000 mugiciro cya bateri mbere yo kuyishyiraho. Imashini itanga mazutu itanga igihe ntarengwa hamwe na lisansi igura $ 15,000-25,000. Kubura kumara amasaha arenga 8-12, generator zigaragaza ubukungu cyane. Batteri ikemura ikibazo gito kandi igatanga backup ako kanya, mugihe moteri itanga ibintu byagutse.
Ni kangahe sisitemu zo gusubira inyuma zikoreshwa?
Ibi biratandukanye cyane ahantu. Imbuga zo mumijyi hamwe na gride yizewe irashobora guhura namashanyarazi 1-2 gusa buri mwaka. Icyaro cyangwa uduce dufite ibikorwa remezo bishaje birashobora kubona 10-20 buri mwaka, amasaha amwe. Imiyoboro idahwitse ituruka ku guhuza ingufu zishobora kwiyongera mu turere tumwe na tumwe. Ndetse n'imbuga zidakunze guhura nibibazo byuzuye byunguka kurinda UPS kurinda voltage sagg na surges bibaho cyane.
Gukomeza Imbaraga mu Itumanaho rya Kijyambere
Sisitemu yububiko bwa sisitemu ikora nkabashinzwe gucecekesha guhuza isi, byagaragaye cyane cyane iyo idahari. Ibikorwa remezo bishyigikira terefone zacu, interineti, na serivisi byihutirwa bisaba ishoramari ryinshi muri sisitemu yingufu zirenze urugero twizera ko zikora gake ariko zigomba gukora neza mugihe zahamagariwe.
Umurenge uhura nigitutu gihanganye uko kigenda gitera imbere. Imikorere y'urusobe isaba kwiyongera cyane hamwe na 5G hamwe na tekinoroji ya 6G igaragara. Inshingano zirambye zisunika kure ya moteri ya mazutu yerekeza kubindi bisukuye. Ibiciro byigiciro bitera imbaraga no gukora neza. Ibisabwa kugenga bishyiraho ibipimo ngenderwaho byibuze mugihe ibyifuzo byabakiriya byemera ko bitihanganirwa kumwanya muto.
Ikoranabuhanga rikomeje gutera imbere - bateri nziza, sisitemu yo gucunga neza, kwishyira hamwe gushya - ariko itegeko ryibanze ntirihinduka. Iyo imbaraga zubucuruzi zananiranye, sisitemu zo gusubira inyuma zigomba kubungabunga ibikorwa remezo byitumanaho societe igezweho ishingiye kumutekano, ubucuruzi, no guhuza.