Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu yatanzwe ikwirakwiza gride mugucunga ihindagurika rya voltage, kugenzura inshuro, kugabanya igihombo cyingufu, no gutuma ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu. Izi sisitemu zisubiza muri milisegonda 100-500 kubibazo bya gride, bitanga uburyo bworoshye ibikorwa remezo byamashanyarazi bidashobora guhura.
Imiyoboro ya kijyambere igezweho ihura ningorane zitigeze zibaho kuva ibisekuruza bishobora guhinduka kandi bigahinduka. DESS ikemura ibyo bibazo binyuze mumicungire yingufu zaho, ibika ingufu zirenze mugihe gito - mugihe cyo gusaba no kuyirekura mugihe gride ikeneye inkunga.
Uburyo Amabwiriza ya Voltage atezimbere imikorere ya gride
Amabwiriza ya voltage yerekana imwe mu nyungu zihuse zo kubika ingufu zagabanijwe. Iyo sisitemu ya Photovoltaque itera imbaraga zirenze mumiyoboro yo gukwirakwiza, voltage irashobora kuzamuka kurenza imipaka yemewe. Hatabitswe, abakoresha grid bagomba kugabanya ibisekuru bishobora kuvugururwa cyangwa gushora imari mubikorwa remezo bihenze.
Sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza ingufu zitanga imbaraga zo gukosora byihuse mugukurura cyangwa gutera inshinge zikora kandi zidasanzwe. Ubushakashatsi kuri sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza bisi ya IEEE 33 yerekana ko ububiko bwashyizwe mubikorwa bugabanya kugabanuka kwa voltage kugera ku gutandukana bisanzwe kwa 0.0035-0.0059 kuri buri gice, ugereranije na 0.015-0.025 pu utabitswe. Iri terambere rigumana voltage muri 0.95-1.05 pu urwego rusabwa na code ya grid.
Uburyo bwo kugenzura imbaraga za voltage bukora binyuze mugucunga inverter. Iyo sensor zimenye hejuru yumurongo wa neti, sisitemu yo kubika yongerera imbaraga zo kwishyuza cyangwa kugabanya gusohora. Kubintu bitagira ingufu, sisitemu isohora ingufu zabitswe cyangwa igabanya umuriro. Ubu bushobozi bwerekezo bubiri butanga ibintu byoroshye kuruta ibikoresho bisanzwe bigenga voltage nko kuri - imashini ihindura imizigo, ikora buhoro kandi ifite ubushobozi buke bwo gusiganwa ku magare.
Ibyiza byo gushyira ibintu neza cyane. Isesengura ryibyiyumvo ryerekana ahantu grid itanga inkunga ntarengwa ya voltage nubushobozi buke bwo kubika. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko gushyira 2 - 3 byububiko bufatika muburyo bwo kubika ibintu byinshi bigera kuri voltage igenzurwa nkibice 5-6 byateganijwe. Uku gutezimbere kugabanya ibiciro byishoramari mugihe ukomeza imikorere.
Guhagarara inshuro binyuze mubisubizo byihuse
Imirongo ya gride igomba kuguma mumirongo migufi - mubisanzwe 49.8 - 50.2 Hz muburayi cyangwa 59.7-60.3 Hz muri Amerika ya ruguru. Gutandukana byerekana ubusumbane bwibisabwa bishobora kugabanuka mu mwijima mwinshi. Amashanyarazi gakondo ahindura umusaruro gahoro gahoro, ariko amasoko ashobora kuvugururwa atera ihindagurika ryihuse risaba ibisubizo byihuse.
Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za bateri nziza cyane mugihe cyo kugenzura inshuro nyinshi kuko zirashobora kuva mumashanyarazi yuzuye ikasohoka muri milisegonda. Mu masegonda ya mbere akomeye nyuma yisekuru yatakaye cyangwa isaba spike, sisitemu yo kubika itera imbaraga mbere yuko amashanyarazi asanzwe azamuka. Igisubizo cyibanze cyibanze kibuza igipimo cyimpinduka zumurongo (RoCoF) kurenga imipaka itekanye.
Amakuru ava muri gride - yoherejwe yerekana sisitemu yo kubika itanga ububiko bwumwanya hamwe na milisegonda 100-500 yo gusubiza, ugereranije namasegonda 10-30 kumashanyarazi. Muri Texas, aho ubushobozi bwo kubika bwikubye gatatu hagati ya 2023 na 2024, gutandukana inshuro mugihe cyibisabwa byagabanutseho hafi 40%.
Agaciro k'ubukungu ni kinini. Abashinzwe ububiko binjiza amafaranga binyuze mumigezi ibiri: kwishyura ubushobozi bwo guhagarara biteguye gutanga serivisi zinshyi, no kwishyura ingufu kubitanga amashanyarazi. Mugihe amasoko agenga amasoko akuze, sisitemu yo kubika igenda ihuza iyi serivisi hamwe nizindi porogaramu nko kogosha impinga kugirango ugarure byinshi.
Inertia ya Virtual yongeyeho urundi rwego. Bitandukanye na generator yumubiri ibika ingufu za kinetic mukuzunguruka rotor, inverter - ububiko bushingiye ntabwo bufite inertia yihariye. Ariko, kugenzura algorithms irashobora kwigana inertia muguhindura ingufu zisohoka zijyanye nimpinduka zinshyi. Iyi inertia yubukorikori ifasha gride kugumya gutuza nkuko byinjira byiyongera kandi amashanyarazi gakondo arasezera.
Kugabanya Amashanyarazi Kugabanya Imiyoboro Yogukwirakwiza
Kurwanya amashanyarazi mumirongo yohereza bihindura igice cyingufu zashyikirijwe ubushyuhe. Ibi bihombo mubisanzwe biva kuri 2-8% byingufu zose zitemba, bitewe na gride iboneza no kugabura imitwaro. Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu yagabanijwe igabanya igihombo mukorera imitwaro iri hafi aho kohereza ingufu mumwanya muremure.
Uburyo bukubiyemo kwishyurwa ingamba - gusohora ibintu. Ibice byububiko byishyuza mugihe gito - igihe gisabwa mugihe amashanyarazi atemba ari make kandi ibitonyanga bya voltage ni bito. Mugihe gikenewe cyane, gusohora kwabaturage bigabanya ingufu ziva mumashanyarazi ya kure, bikagabanya igihombo cyihanganira ibikorwa remezo byohereza. Ibigereranyo kumurongo wo gukwirakwiza byerekana gutakaza ingufu za 11-26% mugihe ububiko bukora neza.
Ahantu hateganijwe algorithms ikoresha sensibilité matrices kugirango umenye aho ububiko butanga igihombo kinini. Iyi algorithm ikemura ibikorwa byinshi - ibikorwa bifatika bigabanya igiciro cya sisitemu yose, ikubiyemo ikiguzi cyo gutakaza ingufu, igiciro cyo gutandukana n’umuvuduko, hamwe nigiciro cyo hejuru. Ubushakashatsi bwakwirakwijwe muri Espagne bwerekanye ko bitatu byiza - byashyizwe mu bubiko bwa 500 kWh byagabanije gutakaza ingufu za buri mwaka na MWh 180, bizigama amadolari 32.000.
Isano iri hagati ya voltage nigihombo ni quadratic. Kuva igihombo kingana na I²R (inshuro zingana kwaduka), kugabanya umuvuduko ugabanya igihombo kuburyo bugaragara. Mugukomeza urwego rwinshi rwa voltage binyuze mubisekuru byaho no kubika, gutanga amashanyarazi bisaba bike bigezweho, bikagabanya igihombo. Ibi birasobanura impamvu sisitemu yo kubika ifite imbaraga zidasanzwe - gutera cyangwa gukuramo vars - kugera kubisubizo byiza.
Guhuza hamwe nibishobora kuvugururwa byongera inyungu. Imirasire y'izuba igera ku manywa y'ihangu iyo ikoreshwa rishobora kuba rito, bigatuma ingufu zinyuranye zongera igihombo. Ububiko bukurura iki gisekuru kirenze aho, bikuraho imigendekere ihindagurika nibihombo bifitanye isano. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko iki gikorwa gihujwe gishobora kugabanya igihombo cyiyongereyeho 5-8% ugereranije nububiko bwonyine.
Gukoresha ibyifuzo byo hejuru no kugabanya ibiciro
Isabwa ryinshi ritwara ibiciro remezo muri sisitemu y'amashanyarazi. Ibikorwa bigomba kubaka ubushobozi buhagije bwo gukemura umutwaro utegerejwe cyane, nubwo bibaho amasaha make kumwaka. Ibi biganisha ku bikorwa remezo bihenze bicaye ubusa igihe kinini. Amafaranga asabwa - amafaranga ashingiye ku gukurura amashanyarazi ntarengwa - arashobora kubara 30-70% yumushahara wubucuruzi.
Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu zagabanijwe zorohereza imyirondoro yumuriro mugihe cyo hejuru - mugihe cyo hejuru no gusohora mugihe cyo hejuru. Uku "kogosha hejuru" bigabanya ibikorwa remezo n'ibisabwa. Isesengura ryibikorwa nyabyo - byerekana ibikorwa byubucuruzi bigabanya ibicuruzwa bikenerwa na 20-40% binyuze mubikorwa byo kubika neza, bivuze ko kuzigama buri mwaka $ 50- $ 200,000 bitewe nubunini bwikigo.
Gutezimbere bisaba guteganya neza imitwaro. Sisitemu yo gucunga ingufu ikoresha amakuru yo gukoresha amateka, iteganyagihe, na gahunda yo kubyaza umusaruro impanuro zizaza. Imashini yiga algorithms idahwema kunonosora ibyo bihanura, kunoza neza igihe. Iyo sisitemu iteganya ko impinga yegereje, itangira gusohora ingufu zabitswe mbere yuko ibyifuzo byiyongera, bikabuza spike.
Igihe cyingirakamaro mubunini bwububiko. Igihe gikenewe cyane mubisanzwe bimara amasaha 2 - 4, bisaba sisitemu yo kubika ifite imbaraga zihagije zo gukomeza gusohora muriyi idirishya. Sisitemu yo kubika MW 1 ifite amasaha 2 yamara (2 MWh ubushobozi) irashobora kuzimya burundu MW 1 mumasaha abiri. Sisitemu ndende-itanga uburyo bworoshye ariko igura byinshi kuri MWh yubushobozi.
Igihe - cya - gukoresha ibiciro bitanga agaciro kinyongera. Iyo ibikorwa bifasha ibiciro biri hejuru mugihe cyimpera, ubukemurampaka bwo kubika - kugura amashanyarazi mugihe bihendutse, kugurisha iyo bihenze - byinjiza amafaranga ataziguye. Ku masoko afite ibiciro bikwirakwizwa, ubu bukemurampaka bwonyine bushobora gutanga inyungu zishimishije ku ishoramari. Gukomatanya ubukemurampaka no kugabanya amafaranga asabwa hamwe na serivisi zinyongera bitanga "agaciro kuringaniza" biteza imbere ubukungu bwumushinga.
Kongera imbaraga zo guhuza ingufu
Imirasire y'izuba n'umuyaga iratandukanye nikirere nigihe cyumunsi, bigatera kudahuza nuburyo bwo gukoresha. Hatabitswe, iyi variable ihatira kugabanya kugabanuka - gutakaza ingufu zisukuye - cyangwa kwishingikiriza byihuse - byangiza amashanyarazi. Nta bisubizo ari byiza.
Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu zagabanijwe zikemura ibi bidahuye. Iyo ibishobora kubyara ingufu zirenze, ububiko burayikuramo. Iyo ibisekuru bigabanutse ariko ibisabwa bikomeza kuba byinshi, gusohora ububiko, koroshya imyirondoro ishobora gusubirwamo. Amakuru ava mumishinga ihuza izuba hamwe nububiko yerekana kugabanya kugabanuka kwa 60-80%, byongera imikoreshereze mishya.
Amakuru yoherejwe 2024 agaragaza iyi nzira. Mugihe 40% ya gride nshya - ububiko bwapimwe bwahujwe nigisekuru gishobora kuvugururwa, kiva kuri 50% muri 2023, iri hinduka ryerekana gukura kw isoko aho kugabanya agaciro ko kwishyira hamwe. Hagarara - ububiko bwonyine butanga serivisi nyinshi zirenze inkunga ishobora kongerwa, ariko kwishyira hamwe gushya bikomeza kuba ingirakamaro.
Ikwirakwizwa rya geografiya ritera kwihangana. Aho kuba ububiko bunini bumwe, sisitemu yagabanijwe ikwirakwiza ubushobozi murusobe. Niba igice kimwe gihuye nibibazo, ibindi bikomeza gukora. Ubu busumbane bufite agaciro cyane hamwe nigihe gishobora kuvugururwa, aho ibisohoka bishobora kugabanuka gitunguranye ahantu hanini mugihe cyikirere.
Californiya yerekana ingaruka ku gipimo. Hafi ya 20 GWh yububiko bwoherejwe mu 2024, leta isanzwe ikoresha ibihe aho izuba ritanga hejuru ya 70% byihutirwa. Amafaranga yo kubika mugihe cyo ku manywa y'ihangu no gusohoka mugihe cya nimugoroba, iyo izuba rigabanutse ariko ikoreshwa rikomeza kuba ryinshi. Uku kuzenguruka kwa buri munsi kwagabanije kubyara gaze hafi 15% mugihe cyamezi yigitugu.
Guteganya kwishyira hamwe bikomeje kuba ingenzi. Iteganyagihe ryambere ryambere ryinjira muri sisitemu yo kugenzura ububiko, butanga umwanya uhagaze kubiteganijwe guhindagurika gushya. Iyo iteganyagihe ryerekana umuyaga muke cyangwa izuba ryinshi, kubika pre - byishyurwa kuri gride cyangwa bifite ubushobozi bwo gusohora. Iki gikorwa cyo guhanura gitanga serivisi yizewe kuruta kugenzura gusa.
Imiyoboro ya Gride hamwe nubushobozi bwo gusubira inyuma
Imiyoboro ya gride - ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira no gukira imvururu - ikura cyane mugihe ikirere gikabije cyiyongera. Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu ikwirakwizwa yongerera imbaraga imbaraga binyuze muburyo bwinshi: gutanga ingufu zokugarura mugihe cyacitse, gufasha microgrid gukora, no kugabanya kwishingira kwanduza.
Mugihe cya gride yabuze, ikwirakwizwa ryububiko rishobora kwirwa ibice byurusobe, bikomeza imbaraga kumitwaro ikomeye. Ibitaro, serivisi zubutabazi, nibikoresho byingenzi byungukirwa nubushobozi bwo gusubira inyuma. Ubushakashatsi bwasesenguye uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza mu turere tw’ibiza twerekanye ko ububiko bwashyizwe mu bikorwa bwagabanije kugabanya imizigo mu gihe cy’imitingito yagereranijwe na 45-60%.
Imiterere ya Microgrid yerekana uburyo bukomeye bwo kwihangana. Iyo gride nyamukuru yananiwe, ububiko buhuza nibisekuru byaho - akenshi izuba cyangwa umuyaga - kugirango bikore - microcrid ihagije ikorera ahantu runaka. Iyi microgrid ikora yigenga kugeza serivise ya grid igarutse, hanyuma ikongera ikabangikanya. Ikibazo cya tekiniki kirimo gucunga inshuro na voltage nta gride ihagaze neza, bisaba sisitemu yo kugenzura ikomeye.
Ibisubizo byihuta mubibazo byihutirwa. Ububiko bushobora gutanga ingufu muri milisegonda yo kumenya ibura, ugereranije niminota ya moteri ya mazutu. Iki gisubizo ako kanya kirinda ibibazo byubuziranenge bwangiza ibikoresho byoroshye. Ibigo byamakuru hamwe ninganda zikora bigenda bikoresha ububiko bwihariye kuriyi ultra - itanga amashanyarazi yizewe.
Ikibazo cyubukungu cyo kubika imbaraga cyashimangiye. Mugihe ibyuma bitanga amashanyarazi bitanga ubushobozi busa, bisaba lisansi, kubungabunga, kandi ntibinjiza amafaranga mugihe gisanzwe. Ububiko bwinjiza inyungu binyuze mubukemurampaka bwingufu, kugabanya amafaranga, hamwe na serivise ya serivise mugihe uhagaze neza byihutirwa. Iyi mikorere myinshi - imikorere itezimbere ubukungu bwumushinga ugereranije na sisitemu zabigenewe.
Kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ibihe bitera gahunda. Nkuko ibikorwa byingenzi bihura nikirere gikabije, ububiko bwagabanijwe butanga ibintu byoroshye ibikorwa remezo bikomereye byonyine ntibishobora kugerwaho. Aho kubaka ubushobozi bwikwirakwiza bwicaye budakoreshwa usibye mugihe kidasanzwe, ibikorwa byingirakamaro byishingikiriza kububiko kugirango bikomeze serivisi mugihe cyahungabanye mugihe bitanga agaciro ka buri munsi.
Gukwirakwiza binyuze mu kugenzura guhuza
Ibice byabitswe kugiti cye bitanga inyungu zaho, ariko kugenzura guhuza sisitemu nyinshi zagabanijwe zifungura ibyongeweho byiza. Ububiko bwegeranijwe bukora nkuruganda rukora amashanyarazi, rutanga serivise ya gride ihwanye nigisekuru cyagizwe mugihe gikomeza inyungu zagabanijwe.
Ikibazo cyo guhuza ibikorwa kirimo guhuza intego nyinshi: sisitemu - kugenzura imbaraga za voltage nini, kugoboka inshuro nyinshi, kugabanya igihombo, hamwe na leta ishinzwe gucunga amafaranga. Algorithms yateye imbere ikemura ibibazo byinshi - byo gutezimbere mugihe nyacyo -, ugahindura imikorere ya buri gice ukurikije imiterere ya gride hamwe nibikenewe.
Ibikorwa remezo byitumanaho bifasha ubwo bufatanye. Sisitemu yatanzwe ihanahana amakuru kuri voltage, inshuro, amashanyarazi, hamwe nububiko binyuze mumiyoboro itekanye. Ibigo bishinzwe kugenzura bitunganya aya makuru kandi byohereze uburyo bwiza kuri buri gice. Itumanaho ritinda - mubisanzwe 100 - 500 milisegonda-bigomba kubarwa mugucunga algorithm kugirango ibungabunge umutekano.
Ubwumvikane - kugenzura bishingiye kuburyo bumwe. Aho guhuriza hamwe amategeko, kugabura ibice guhanahana amakuru nabaturanyi no guhuza ibikorwa byiza binyuze mumatumanaho ateganijwe. Ubu buryo bugabanya ingingo imwe yo gutsindwa kandi ihuza neza nimpinduka zurusobe nkuko ibice byongeweho cyangwa byavanyweho.
Uruhare rwisoko rugwiza agaciro. Ububiko bwakusanyirijwe hamwe bushobora gupiganira amasoko menshi, gutanga amabwiriza yumurongo, ububiko bwubushobozi, hamwe nubukemurampaka bwingufu. Iteka rya 2222 rya komisiyo ishinzwe kugenzura ingufu za Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika risaba abakora imiyoboro kugira ngo bashobore kwitabira umutungo, bafungura ayo masoko. Raporo yo gukusanya hakiri kare raporo yinjiza $ 50 - $ 150 kuri kilowati yumwaka bivuye muri serivisi nyinshi zamasoko.
Kwiga imashini bitezimbere guhuza igihe. Algorithms yiga imiterere ya grid, guhitamo amafaranga - gahunda yo gusohora hashingiwe kumibare yamateka hamwe n’iteganyagihe. Ubushakashatsi bumwe bwingirakamaro bwerekanye ML - uburyo bwiza bwo kubika bugabanya ibiciro byo gukora 12 - 18% ugereranije n’ubugenzuzi bushingiye ku mategeko, mu gihe tunoza ibipimo bya serivisi nka voltage ihagaze hamwe n’ibisubizo byinshyi.
Imikorere yubukungu nuburyo bwo kohereza
Isoko rya sisitemu yo kubika ingufu zagabanijwe ryageze kuri miliyari 5.89 z'amadolari ku isi yose mu 2024, hateganijwe ko izamuka ryiyongera kugera kuri miliyari 15 z'amadolari muri 2034 ku kigero cya 9.8% cy'ubwiyongere bw'umwaka. Uku kwaguka kwerekana kuzamura ubukungu uko ibiciro bya batiri bigabanuka kandi amahirwe yo gutondeka agaciro ariyongera.
Uburyo bwo kohereza mukarere buratandukanye cyane. Aziya - Pasifika yiganjemo 36.7% by’umugabane w’isoko, bitewe n’Ubushinwa bwiyubakira ububiko - 67% by’ububiko bwa interineti ku isi bwiyongereye mu 2024 bwabereye mu Bushinwa. Amerika na Kanada byagereranyaga isoko rya kabiri rinini rifite amashanyarazi agera kuri 40 GWh, ryagabanijwe hafi ya Texas na California.
Ububiko bwo guturamo bwerekanye igice cyiterambere cyihuta kumasoko akuze. Amazu yo guturamo yo muri Amerika yiyongereyeho 57% umwaka - hejuru ya - umwaka wa 2024, agera kuri MW 1,250 yubushobozi bushya. Uku kwiyongera kwerekana ubushake bw’abaguzi mu bwigenge bw’ingufu, imbaraga zo gusubira inyuma, no kugabanya fagitire binyuze mu zuba - hiyongereyeho - sisitemu yo kubika. Igihembwe cya kane 2024 yashyizeho amateka yigihembwe hamwe na MW 380 yububiko bwo guturamo.
Ibihe byigihe bigenda bihinduka mububiko burebure. Ikigereranyo cyo kumara igihe gishya muri Amerika gishya cyarenze amasaha 3 mu 2024, kiva ku masaha 2.3 mu 2023.Imishinga ya Texas yagereranije amasaha 1.7, yorohereza amasoko agenga imirongo, mu gihe imishinga ya Californiya yegereye amasaha 4 yo gushyigikira impinga za nimugoroba nyuma y’izuba riva. Imishinga yo muri Amerika y'Epfo yayoboye amasaha 4.2 yo kugereranya, ikemura igihe kinini.
Gutandukanya ikoranabuhanga biragaragara. Mugihe bateri ya lithium - ion yiganje kuri 98% yubushakashatsi, bateri zitemba ziyongereyeho 300% muri 2024 zigera kuri 2.3 GWh, zikaba zirebire igihe kirekire -. Sodium - bateri za ion zabonye gufata gahoro munsi ya MWh 200, zifashwe na lithium - ion igabanuka, ariko abayikora benshi barateganya gushyira ibicuruzwa 2025.
Kugabanya ibiciro birakomeje. Ibiciro bya sisitemu byagabanutse hafi 15-20% hagati ya 2023 na 2024, bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’inganda n’ipiganwa rikomeye hagati y’abatanga batiri mu Bushinwa. Ibiciro byigiciro bitezimbere ubukungu bwumushinga, butuma ububiko buhatanira porogaramu mbere yiganjemo ibikorwa remezo gakondo.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Ni ubuhe buryo bwihuse sisitemu yo kubika isubiza impinduka za gride?
Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu zagabanijwe zisubiza muri milisegonda 100-500 kuri frequency cyangwa voltage gutandukana. Iki gihe cyo gusubiza cyikubye inshuro 20-100 kurenza amashanyarazi asanzwe, bigatuma ububiko bukora neza muguhindura gride. Imbaraga za elegitoroniki zigenzura ububiko zirashobora guhindura ibyasohotse hafi ako kanya, bigarukira gusa kubitinda byitumanaho no kugenzura gutunganya algorithm.
Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kubika bukenewe kugira ngo urusheho gukwirakwiza?
Ingano yububiko iterwa na gride yihariye hamwe nintego nziza. Ubushakashatsi ku miyoboro isanzwe yo gukwirakwiza bwerekana ko uburyo bwo kubika ingufu zagabanijwe zingana na MW 2-5 kuri MW 50-100 z'umutwaro w'impanuka zitanga imbaraga nyinshi zo kugabanya ingufu no kugabanya igihombo iyo zashyizwe mubikorwa. Kubisabwa byo kogosha cyane, ibikoresho byubucuruzi bikenera amasaha 1-2 yububiko bwo kurwego rwo hejuru. Isesengura rirambuye rya sisitemu igena ingano nziza ya porogaramu zihariye.
Ububiko bwagabanijwe bushobora gusimbuza burundu ibikorwa remezo byohereza?
Ububiko bwuzuzanya aho gusimbuza byimazeyo kuzamura imiyoboro. Irinda neza kuzamura imicungire yimitwaro no kunoza imikoreshereze yumutungo, birashoboka ko bidindiza ishoramari ryibikorwa remezo bihenze imyaka 5-15. Ariko, kwiyongera kwimitwaro irambye bisaba kwagura ibikorwa remezo bifatika. Ububiko bukora neza iyo buhujwe nibisubizo bisabwa, kwishyira hamwe gushya, hamwe nishoramari rya gride.
Bigenda bite mugukwirakwiza ububiko mugihe cya gride ikomeye?
Mugihe cyo kubura, gukwirakwiza ububiko bufite ubushobozi bwo kwirwa birashobora kugumana imbaraga mumitwaro yaho mugukora microgrid. Ibi birasaba ibikoresho byo kurinda neza hamwe na sisitemu yo kugenzura gutandukana neza nigice cyatsinzwe. Ibikoresho byose byububiko birimo ubushobozi bwizinga - abadafite bifunga mugihe cyo kubura kurinda abakozi bakora ibikorwa. Sisitemu yo kubika ifite ibikorwa byububiko busanzwe itangira muri milisegonda 500 yo kumenya icyacitse.
Nigute uburyo bwiza bwo kubika bugira ingaruka kumara igihe cya bateri?
Gukwirakwiza algorithms kuringaniza serivise ya serivise hamwe nubuyobozi bwubuzima bwa bateri. Kurekura kenshi byihuta kwangirika, sisitemu yo kugenzura rero ikomeza kugumya kwishyurwa hagati ya 20 - 80% kubisabwa kumagare ya buri munsi. Algorithms yubwenge ihindura uburyo bwo kwishyuza kugirango ugabanye ubushyuhe bwumuriro kandi wirinde kwangiza ibikorwa. Iyo ucunzwe neza, ububiko bwa lithium-ion bugumana 80% yubushobozi bwumwimerere nyuma yizuba 3.000.000.000, bigashyigikira imyaka 10-15 ya serivise nziza ya serivise.
Ibitekerezo bya tekiniki yo kubishyira mubikorwa neza
Gushyira mubikorwa ububiko bwagabanijwe kugirango grid optimiz bisaba kwitondera ibintu byinshi bya tekiniki birenze gushiraho bateri gusa. Ubwiza bwimbaraga, guhuza ibikorwa, ubwubatsi bwitumanaho, no kubahiriza amabwiriza byose bigira ingaruka kumikorere ya sisitemu.
Imbaraga za elegitoroniki zifite imbaraga zigira ingaruka nziza muburyo bwiza. Hejuru - inverters nziza itanga voltage nukuri kugenzura inshuro nyinshi, igufasha neza ya gride. Hasi - ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byiza bizana guhuza no kugoreka imbaraga za voltage zishobora kwangirika aho kunoza imikorere ya gride. Ibipimo bya IEEE 1547 byerekana ibisabwa guhuza, harimo imipaka ntarengwa yo kugoreka imipaka hamwe nibipimo bya voltage.
Guhuza ibikorwa birinda umutekano mugihe cyamakosa cyangwa ibihe bidasanzwe. Sisitemu yo kubika igomba kumenya no gusubiza amakosa ya gride mugihe gikenewe - mubisanzwe milisegonda 160 kubitaka byubutaka, inzinguzingo 2 kubibazo byicyiciro. Kurinda kurinda bihuza nibikoresho byo kurinda ibikoresho kugirango utandukane ibibazo nta gutsindwa gukabije. Ihuzabikorwa riba rigoye nkuko umutungo wagabanijwe ugenda wiyongera, bisaba ubwubatsi bwitondewe.
Itumanaho ryitumanaho riratandukanye bitewe nubunini no kubishyira mu bikorwa. Sisitemu ntoya yo guturamo irashobora gukoresha WiFi yoroshye mugukurikirana no kugenzura shingiro. Akamaro - igipimo cyagabanijwe ububiko busaba itumanaho ryinshi hamwe nubukererwe buke - mubisanzwe byeguriwe selile cyangwa fibre. Kurinda umutekano wa cyber ni ngombwa, kuko sisitemu yo kubika ihujwe no kugenzura imiyoboro yerekana ibitero bishobora gutera.
Ibikorwa bigenga bigenda bihindagurika kugirango bishoboke kubika neza mugihe ukomeza umutekano no kwizerwa. Inkiko zinyuranye zifite amategeko atandukanye yerekeye ushobora gutunga ububiko, serivisi zishobora gutanga, nuburyo buhuza na sisitemu zingirakamaro. Kugendana naya mabwiriza bisaba gusobanukirwa ibyingenzi bikenewe hamwe na code ya grid.
Imicungire yubushyuhe akenshi igena imikorere ifatika. Imikorere ya bateri iterwa nubushyuhe - lithium - selile ikora neza hagati ya dogere 15-35. Sisitemu mubihe bikabije bisaba gukonjesha cyangwa gushyushya cyane, bitwara ingufu kandi bikagabanya ubushobozi bwa neti buboneka kuri serivisi za gride. Igishushanyo mbonera gikwiye cyerekana ububiko bugumana imikorere yagenwe mubikorwa.
Sisitemu yo kubika ishyigikira impinduka zigezweho
Umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi urimo guhinduka uva muri sisitemu ikomatanyije, iterekanwa yerekeza kumurongo wagabanijwe, ibyerekezo byombi. Ihinduka ryakira ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa, ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi, nuburyo bushya bwo gukoresha mugihe gikomeza kwizerwa. Ububiko bwagabanijwe bukora nkurufunguzo rushoboza ikoranabuhanga.
Igishushanyo mbonera cya gride yatekerezaga ko imbaraga ziva mumashanyarazi manini yo hagati kugeza kubaguzi bonyine. Iyi moderi yakoraga mugihe ibisekuruza byagenzurwaga kandi imitwaro yari iteganijwe. Ingufu zisubirwamo zahinduye iyi paradigm - ibisekuruza byahindutse, kandi abaguzi bamwe babaye prosomers, haba gukoresha no gutanga ingufu. Imiyoboro yo gukwirakwiza yubatswe kuri imwe - uburyo bwo gutembera amashanyarazi hamwe no gutembera kwerekanwa no guhindagurika byihuse.
Ububiko bwongera ubworoherane iyi miyoboro ikeneye. Mugukuramo ibisekuruza nibikoreshwa mugihe, ububiko butuma ingufu zisubirwamo zitanga umutwaro nubwo umusaruro nibisabwa bidahuye. Mugucunga voltage yaho ningufu zitemba, ububiko bugabanya imihangayiko kubikoresho byo kugabura bitagenewe ibikorwa byombi. Ubu bushobozi butuma hashobora kuvugururwa cyane nta bikorwa remezo byubaka.
Inzibacyuho igana amashanyarazi yihutisha ububiko. Kwishyuza ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi bitera imizigo mishya yibanze mumiturire. Gushyushya pompe byongera amashanyarazi akenewe. Ibigo byamakuru bisaba imbaraga zizewe, hejuru - imbaraga nziza. Buri cyerekezo cyongera imbaraga muri sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza. Ububiko bworohereza izo ngaruka mugucunga igihe cyumutwaro no gutanga ibikubiyemo byihuse mugihe cya gride.
Amashanyarazi ya Virtual yerekana iherezo ryanyuma. Ibihumbi cyangwa miriyoni zagabanijwe sisitemu yo kubika, ihujwe na software, ikora nkibikoresho byoroshye. Iyegeranya rishobora gusubiza grid ikeneye byihuse kandi neza kuruta ibisekuruza bisanzwe. Imyiyerekano yambere irerekana amashanyarazi yingufu zitanga amabwiriza yumurongo uhwanye nibimera byimyanda ku giciro gito kandi hamwe na zeru zangiza.
Ibidukikije bigenzura birahuza kugirango bishoboke. Imiyoboro ya gride ubu ikubiyemo ibisabwa kugirango uhuze ububiko, amategeko yisoko yemerera umutungo wagabanijwe gutanga serivisi zinyongera, hamwe nogushigikira gushyigikira ingamba. Ihindagurika rya politiki ryerekana uruhare rwububiko mu mikorere igezweho.
Imiyoboro ya gride irimo kuvugururwa kugirango igaragaze ubushobozi bwo kubika. Imigenzo gakondo ihuza ibipimo byerekana ko ibisekuruza bidashobora guhindura umusaruro vuba. Ububiko burashobora guhinduka kuva mubitumizwa hanze kugera hanze cyane muri milisegonda, bisaba kurinda no kugenzura ibipimo bishya. IEEE, IEC, nizindi nzego zisanzwe zirimo gutegura ibisabwa bigezweho byifashisha ubushobozi bwo kubika no kurinda umutekano.
Iyo Ububiko butanga ntarengwa ya Grid Optimisation Agaciro
Ibibanza byose bya gride cyangwa porogaramu byunguka kimwe kububiko bwagabanijwe. Gusobanukirwa aho nigihe ububiko butanga agaciro keza cyane bifasha gushyira imbere gahunda yo kugira ingaruka zikomeye.
Imiyoboro hamwe nogushobora kwinjizwa cyane byunguka byinshi mububiko. Iyo izuba cyangwa umuyaga bitanga ingufu zirenga 30%, guhinduka biba bigoye gucunga ibisekuru bisanzwe byonyine. Ububiko muri iyi gride butanga ihinduka ryingenzi. Californiya na Texas, byombi birenga 40% byinjira mugihe kimwe, biyobora ububiko bwa Amerika kubwiyi mpamvu.
Imiyoboro ifite ibibazo byo kugenzura voltage ibona inyungu zihuse. Kugaburira kugaburira hamwe nizuba ryinshi bikunze guhura nibibazo bya voltage mugihe cyizuba. Ububiko kuri node zikomeye burashobora gukomeza kubahiriza voltage kugiciro gito ugereranije nubundi buryo bwo kuzamura umurongo cyangwa gusimbuza transformateur. Imiyoboro yo mucyaro hamwe nibiryo birebire hamwe nibisaranganya byinshi byunguka cyane.
Sisitemu ihura nimbogamizi zo gusanga ububiko bufite agaciro kubutabazi. Iyo ubushobozi bwo kohereza bugabanya ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga cyangwa ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga, ububiko bwaho bushobora gutanga ibisabwa kuva mu gisekuru cyegereye cyangwa kubika ingufu zidashobora koherezwa. Iyi porogaramu irinda ibiciro byoherejwe bihenze, nubwo mubisanzwe igiciro cyinshi - cyiza mugihe uhujwe nizindi nzira zagaciro.
Amasoko afite amafaranga menshi asabwa atera ibibazo bikomeye byubukungu kububiko. Iyo amafaranga asabwa arenga $ 10-15 kuri kilowati ku kwezi, igihe cyo kwishyura cyo kubika gikunze kuba munsi yimyaka 5 uhereye kugabanywa kwonyine. Harimo ingufu za arbitrage ningirakamaro kwizerwa kurushaho kunoza inyungu. Ibi birasobanura iterambere ryihuse ryubucuruzi muri leta nka Massachusetts, California, na New York.
Ibirwa hamwe na gride ya kure byunguka cyane mububiko kubera guhuza imipaka hamwe nibisekuru bihenze. Hawaii, Porto Rico, hamwe na microgrid ya kure bishingikiriza kuri mazutu idafite imiyoboro ihuza imiyoboro. Ububiko bufatanije n’ibishobora kuvugururwa bigabanya ibiciro bya lisansi, bizamura ubwizerwe, kandi bigabanya ibyuka bihumanya. Sisitemu nyinshi yibirwa ubu ihuza ubushobozi bukomeye bwo kubika.
Ibihe by'ikirere bikabije byerekana kwihangana - ububiko bwibanze. Uturere duhura ninkubi y'umuyaga, inkubi y'umuyaga, cyangwa inkongi y'umuriro igenda ikoresha ububiko bwo kubika imbaraga. Mugihe inyungu zo kwihangana zonyine zidashobora gutsindishiriza ibiciro, guhuza ibyihutirwa byihutirwa na serivisi nziza ya buri munsi bitera ubukungu bukomeye.
Igishushanyo mbonera cyo gushyira mu bikorwa abakoresha amashanyarazi
Abakozi ba gride batekereza kubikwirakwizwa byoherejwe bahura nubunini, ahantu, nyirubwite, no kugenzura. Uburyo bunoze bwo gushyira mubikorwa uburyo bwiza bwo gukoresha neza mugihe ucunga ibiciro nibibazo.
Isuzuma ritangirana no gusesengura imbogamizi zubu hamwe nibiteganijwe. Kuremera imikurire yo gukura, gahunda yo kwishyira hamwe ishobora kuvugururwa, ibikorwa remezo bishaje, hamwe n'ibipimo byiringirwa byerekana aho ububiko bushobora gutanga agaciro. Iri suzuma ryerekana ibibazo bibikwa bishobora gukemura - urugero, kurenga kuri voltage kubiryo byihariye, guhinduranya ibintu birenze urugero mugihe cyo hejuru, cyangwa ibikenewe kugenzurwa na frequency.
Ibyiza byo gushyira mubyiciro ukoresha imbaraga za sisitemu yo kwerekana aho ubika. Algorithms ikoresha amagana ya ssenariyo, igerageza ingano yububiko hamwe n’ahantu kugirango ibone iboneza inyungu nyinshi. Ubu bushakashatsi bugaragaza ahantu 3 - 5 ahantu hafite agaciro gakomeye aho ububiko butanga iterambere ridakabije ugereranije no gushyira ahantu hatabigenewe.
Ibyemezo byamasoko bikubiyemo guhitamo nyirubwite, icya gatatu - nyir'ishyaka n'amasezerano y'ingirakamaro, no gushishikariza abakiriya - sisitemu yicaye. Buri cyitegererezo gifite ibicuruzwa. Gutunga ibikorwa bitanga igenzura ritaziguye ariko bisaba ishoramari no kwemezwa n'amategeko. Icya gatatu - nyir'ishyaka akoresha igishoro cyigenga ariko akongeramo amasezerano. Umukiriya - ububiko bwicaye ntibisaba igishoro cyingirakamaro ariko gitanga igenzura rito.
Kwishyira hamwe na sisitemu zisanzwe bisaba ubuhanga bwitondewe. Ububiko bugomba guhuza nibikoresho bisanzwe bigenga voltage, gahunda yo kurinda, hamwe na sisitemu yo kugenzura. Ibi akenshi bivuze kuzamura ibikorwa remezo byitumanaho no kugenzura software yo gucunga umutungo mushya. Ibitekerezo byumutekano wa interineti bisaba imiyoboro itandukanye hamwe na protocole itumanaho itekanye.
Imishinga y'indege igabanya ingaruka mbere yuzuye - yoherejwe. Uhereye kububiko bwa 2-5 butuma abashoramari bagerageza ikoranabuhanga, gutunganya imikorere, no kwemeza icyitegererezo mbere yo kwiyemeza gahunda nini. Abaderevu batsinze neza batanga amasomo ya tekiniki hamwe namakuru ashyigikira imanza zubucuruzi zo kwaguka.
Gukurikirana imikorere ikurikirana niba ububiko butanga inyungu ziteganijwe. Ibipimo by'ingenzi birimo kunoza voltage, kugabanya igihombo, kugenzura neza inshuro, no kuboneka. Kugereranya imikorere ifatika nibiteganijwe byerekana amahirwe yo gutezimbere kandi ikamenyesha ibyemezo byoherejwe.
Umubare munini wibikorwa byingenzi washyize mubikorwa iyi karita. Amasomo yatanzwe nababitangiye kare yerekana akamaro ko gutangirana nintego zisobanutse, zirimo abafatanyabikorwa hakiri kare, no kwitegura guhindura ingamba uko ikoranabuhanga nisoko bigenda bitera imbere.