Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za gride ihuza cyane cyane ibaza niba sisitemu ya batiri ishobora gucomeka mubikorwa remezo byamashanyarazi twubatsemo 50 - imyaka 70 ishize ntakintu kijya kuruhande. Umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi wagenewe icyerekezo kimwe - amashanyarazi ava mumashanyarazi yerekeza munzu yawe. Iherezo ryinkuru. Noneho turagerageza gukora hamwe na bateri zishyuza, zisohora, kandi zihinduranya hagati yamasegonda.
Ibisobanuro bya tekiniki byinjira mubipimo bya voltage, ibisubizo byinshyi, hamwe no guhuza. Ariko icyo biza ni ukumenya niba sisitemu yo kubika ikina neza nibindi byose bifitanye isano na gride. Irashobora gusubiza ibimenyetso biva kumurongo wa gride? Ese itera urusaku rw'amashanyarazi rukurura ibindi bikoresho? Bizaguma bihamye mugihe imiterere ya gride ihindutse?
Kuki Umuvuduko Wingenzi Kurenza Ubushobozi
Abantu benshi bibanda ku mbaraga bateri ishobora kubika. Nibyo megawatt - amasaha (MWh). Ariko kuri gride ihuza, igipimo cyingufu muri megawatts (MW) nuburyo bwihuse gishobora gusubiza ibibazo kimwe.
Amashanyarazi ya Hornsdale muri Ositaraliya yepfo yerekanye ikintu cyingenzi - kwishyiriraho batiri ya MW / 129 MWh Tesla bishobora kuva kuri zeru kugeza ingufu zuzuye muri milisegonda 140. Ibimera gakondo bya gaz bikenera iminota 10-15 kugirango bitangire kandi bigere kumusaruro wuzuye. Itandukaniro ni rinini mugihe ugerageza kugumana umurongo wa gride uhamye. Inshuro zigomba kuguma hagati ya 49.9 na 50.1 Hz muri Ositaraliya (cyangwa 59.9-60.1 Hz muri Amerika ya Ruguru), kandi gutandukana hanze yurwo rwego bishobora kwangiza ibikoresho cyangwa bikananirana. Amakuru yo muri teslamag.de yerekanaga iyi bateri yitabira urugendo rwamakara muri Ositaraliya yepfo byihuse kuruta andi masoko yose kuri gride.
Ikibazo cya Frequency Ntamuntu Uteganya
Imiyoboro ikora kumurongo uhinduranya, uhindagurika kumurongo wihariye. Muri Amerika ya Ruguru ni Hz 60, ahandi henshi ni 50 Hz. Iyo ibisekuru n'umutwaro biringaniye, inshuro ziguma zihamye. Iyo habaye igihombo gitunguranye cyibisekuru - uruganda rwamashanyarazi rugenda kumurongo - inshuro zigabanuka. Imiyoboro gakondo yabyitwayemo ikizunguruka, cyane cyane amashanyarazi akora munsi yubushobozi bushobora kuzamuka vuba.
Batteri yahinduye ikigereranyo. Barashobora gushiramo imbaraga hafi ako kanya, ariko barashobora no gutemba vuba niba bitagenzuwe neza. Ibi bitera ibibazo bishya byo guhuza kuko sisitemu yo kugenzura imiyoboro yashizweho hafi yo gusubiza buhoro ibiranga ibisekuruza bisanzwe.
Ibipimo bidashobora gukomeza
IEEE 1547 nigipimo nyamukuru muri Amerika muguhuza umutungo ukwirakwizwa. Ivugurura rya 2018 ryagombaga gukemura ibibazo hamwe na verisiyo ya 2003, ryanditswe mbere yuko ububiko bunini bwa - buboneka. Ariko na 2018 isanzwe ntabwo ikubiyemo ibintu byose byo kubika bigomba gukora.
Californiya yakubise MW 10,000 yubushobozi bwa bateri yashizwe mu ntangiriro za 2024 ukurikije amakuru yigenga ya California yigenga aboneka kuri caiso.com. Ibyinshi muri ibyo bikoresho ni lithium fer fosifate (LiFePO4) chimie ifite ingufu zingana na 90-120 Wh / kg. Hasi kurenza 150-200 Wh / kg ubona hamwe na bateri ya NMC, ariko ihagaze neza kubushyuhe bwo hejuru hamwe nubuzima bwiza bwikurikiranya kubikorwa bya gride.
Ikibazo nuko buri kamaro kiyongereyeho ibisabwa hejuru ya IEEE 1547.Amashanyarazi ya Hawai afite amategeko amwe. PG&E ifite zitandukanye. Ibikora mugushiraho bateri muri Californiya ntibishobora kuba byujuje ibisabwa muri Texas cyangwa New York. Nta bipimo bifatika bihari, bituma kwagura ububiko bihenze kuruta uko byakagombye.
Inverters Nukuri Bottleneck
Inverter niho ingufu za batiri za DC zihindura ingufu za gride ya AC. Nibishobora guhuza chokepoint. Imiyoboro ya kijyambere - ihuza inverteri igomba gukora amabwiriza ya voltage, gushyigikira ingufu zidasanzwe, gusubiza inshuro nyinshi, no kuvugana nabakoresha gride ukoresheje protocole nka DNP3 cyangwa Modbus. Inverters zimwe zishobora gukora ibi byose neza. Abandi ntibashobora.
Mugihe ufite sisitemu nyinshi zo kubika kumurongo umwe wo gukwirakwiza, inverter zabo zirashobora kurwana. Sisitemu imwe igerageza kuzamura voltage, indi igerageza kuyimanura. Ibi bitera ihungabana rishobora kwangiza ibikoresho cyangwa ingendo zo kurinda ingendo. Guhuza inverter nyinshi bisaba sisitemu yo kugenzura ihanitse ibikorwa byinshi bitaragira.
Imishinga nyayo, Ibibazo nyabyo
Ikigo gishinzwe kubika ingufu za Moss Landing muri Californiya kuri ubu ni kimwe mu bikoresho binini binini byashyizwe ku isi ku isi - 3, 000 MW nk'uko byanditswe na Pasifika ya Gas & Electric kuri pge.com. Irashobora kuva mumashanyarazi yuzuye kugeza isohotse byuzuye mumasegonda, ibyo bikaba bifite agaciro mugutegeka inshuro nyinshi no gucunga neza ibyifuzo.
Ariko guhuza ntibyari byikora. PG&E yagombaga kuzamura transformateur nibikoresho byo kurinda aho bihurira. Bakeneye sisitemu nshya yo kugenzura kugirango bahuze bateri nubundi buryo bwo kubyara. Umushinga watwaye imyaka itatu kuva yemerewe gukora, kandi igice kinini cyicyo gihe cyakoreshejwe mubushakashatsi bwoguhuza imiyoboro no kuzamura ibikorwa remezo.
Ibikoresho bito byagabanijwe kububiko bihura nibibazo bitandukanye. Sisitemu yo guturamo nubucuruzi igomba kuba yujuje ubuziranenge bwa UL 9540 na UL 1973. Bagomba kubahiriza kodegisi zamashanyarazi zaho zitandukanye kuburyo butandukanye hagati yubutabera. Ahantu hamwe bisaba ubushobozi bwihuse bwo guhagarika. Abandi bategeka uburyo bwihariye bwo guhagarika cyangwa sisitemu yo kuzimya umuriro.
Igiciro cyo Guhuza
Kuzuza ibisabwa guhuza byongeweho 15-20% kubiciro byashizweho bya sisitemu yo kubika. Ibyo bikubiyemo ibikoresho byihariye byo kurinda, ibyuma byitumanaho, ubushakashatsi bufite ireme, hamwe n’amafaranga yo guhuza ibikorwa. Kubikorwa bito, ibi biciro birashobora kwica ubukungu rwose. Sisitemu yo kubika 500 kWh yubucuruzi irashobora kumvikana kugabanya ibicuruzwa bisabwa, ariko sibyo niba ugomba gukoresha amadorari 50.000 yinyongera kubisabwa guhuza.
Ubudage bufite ibipimo bitandukanye binyuze muri VDE bidahuye nibisabwa na IEEE. Ibikoresho byagenewe isoko ryo muri Amerika ya ruguru akenshi bikenera guhindura ibyuma kugirango bikore i Burayi. Ibi bigabanya isoko kandi birinda ubwoko bwubukungu rusange bwibipimo byagabanije ibiciro byizuba.
Bigenda bite iyo Batteri ishaje
Batteri ya Litiyumu itesha agaciro. Ubushobozi burashira, kurwanya imbere biriyongera, kandi imikorere igabanuka mugihe. Sisitemu ya bateri yujuje ibyangombwa byose bya gride mugihe gishya gishobora guhangana nyuma yimyaka 5-7 yamagare aremereye.
Imiyoboro ya gride ntisobanura mubyukuri gutesha agaciro. Sisitemu ikeneye kuguma yubahiriza imyaka 10-15 iteganijwe mubuzima. Sisitemu yo kugenzura igomba guhinduka uko ibiranga bateri bihinduka. Ibikoresho bimwe byo kubika hakiri kare birimo guhura nibibazo aho bateri zangiritse zidashobora gutanga igihe cyo gusubiza cyangwa urwego rwamashanyarazi babanje gusezeranya abakoresha gride.
Nta buryo busanzwe bwo gukemura iki kibazo. Bamwe mubategura umushinga bareba sisitemu zabo muburyo bwambere, bateganya gutesha agaciro. Abandi bakoresha sisitemu yo gucunga neza bateri ihindura ibipimo byimikorere uko bateri ishaje. Ariko ibi byongeweho bigoye nigiciro kitari muburyo bwimishinga yo hambere.
Ikibazo gishya cyo kwishyira hamwe
Kwiyongera kwinshi kwinjirira kurema ahantu hahanamye ububiko bukeneye gukemura. Iyo umusaruro w'izuba uguye nimugoroba, bateri zisohora kugirango zuzuze icyuho. Iyo umuyaga utunguranye ijoro ryose, bateri zishiramo kugirango zivemo ibisekuru byinshi.
Guhuza ibi mubihumbi bya sisitemu yo kubika ni ikibazo cyo kugenzura gride itigeze ihura nayo mbere. Ukeneye gukurikirana - kugenzura igihe, itumanaho ryihuse, na algorithms zishobora guhitamo kohereza ibicuruzwa byatanzwe. Uturere tumwe na tumwe twubaka ubwo bushobozi. Abandi baracyakora kuri sisitemu yo kugenzura kuva mu myaka ya za 1980 idashobora gukora ibisekuruza bisanzwe, kereka bateri ibihumbi n'ibihumbi ishobora guhindura umusaruro muri milisegonda.
Ibikorwa Remezo Ntawe ushaka gutera inkunga
Abunganira ububiko bavuga kuri bateri zitanga ingufu zishobora kubaho. Nibyo gusa niba ibikorwa remezo bya gride bishobora gukemura ibibazo byerekezo byombi. Ahantu henshi, ntibishobora. Impinduka zo gukwirakwiza zagenewe inzira imwe - inzira yumuriro. Gahunda yo gukingira yibwira ko ikosa rituruka kuri sisitemu yo kohereza, ntabwo iva muri bateri kuri neti yo gukwirakwiza.
Kuzamura ibikorwa remezo bisaba miliyari. Ibikorwa bifuza gukoresha amafaranga mukuzamura ibintu bidashobora kwishyura imyaka mirongo. Abagenzuzi baharanira kwemeza ko ibiciro byiyongera kubikorwa remezo abakiriya batabona neza. Imipaka yo guhuza rero irakomeza kuko fondasiyo ntabwo ihari kugirango ishyigikire ibyo kubika bishobora gukora.
Aho Ibintu Bihagaze
Australiya na Kaliforuniya bize byinshi kuri grid - igipimo cyo guhunika ububiko kuruta ahandi. Ibikorwa byabo binini byagaragaje ibibazo bitagaragara mumishinga yicyitegererezo. Bateje imbere ibipimo byiza, batezimbere sisitemu yo kugenzura, kandi bahuguwe nabakozi bashinzwe ibikorwa bumva uburyo bwo gukora gride nubushobozi bukomeye bwo kubika.
Ariko nta gitabo gikinirwaho kuri bose. Ibikora muri Australiya yepfo hamwe na gride yayo yonyine ntibishobora gukoreshwa muri Texas hamwe na sisitemu nini ihuriweho. Uburyo bwa Californiya bwo gucunga umutungo wabitswe ntibisobanura mu turere dufite imiterere itandukanye y’isoko cyangwa uburyo bwo kugenzura.
Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za grid guhuza ibikorwa bikomeje kuba akazi. Ikoranabuhanga rirahari. Ibipimo biragenda neza. Uburambe burimo gukusanya. Ariko gukora bateri ikora neza hamwe na gride y'amashanyarazi itabigenewe bisaba igihe, amafaranga, hamwe no kwiga ibigo bidashobora kwihuta. Uturere tumwe na tumwe tuzabimenya vuba kurusha utundi, kandi utarishyura amafaranga menshi kuri gride nkeya yizewe kuruta uko bari bafite.