Bateri yo kubika ingufu z'izuba ifata amashanyarazi arenze ku mirasire y'izuba ku manywa ikayibika nk'ingufu za shimi binyuze mu mashanyarazi. Iyo ingufu zikenewe nijoro cyangwa mugihe cyacitse, bateri ihindura izo mbaraga za chimique zisubira mumashanyarazi kugirango urugo rwawe rube.
Uburyo bwibanze bwa bateri yo kubika ingufu zizuba zirimo lithium ion igenda hagati ya electrode ebyiri - anode na cathode - binyuze mumuti wa electrolyte. Mugihe cyo kwishyuza, ingufu zizuba zitwara ion kuva cathode kugera kuri anode. Mugihe cyo gusohora, ion zisubira inyuma, zikarekura electron zikora amashanyarazi akoreshwa murugo rwawe.
Inzira ya mashanyarazi inyuma yububiko bwingufu
Ubuhanga bwa chimie imbere muri bateri yo kubika ingufu zizuba bugena uburyo ishobora kubika no kurekura ingufu. Bateri nyinshi zituye izuba zikoresha lithium - tekinoroji ya ion, cyane cyane fosifate ya lithium fer (LiFePO4) cyangwa nikel manganese cobalt (NMC).
Imbere muri buri selire ya batiri, ibice bitanu byingenzi bikorana. Anode, mubisanzwe ikozwe muri grafite, ikora nka terminal itari nziza aho lithium ion yegeranya mugihe cyo kwishyuza. Cathode {{2} terminal itumanaho ryiza - irimo okiside yicyuma irekura ion ya lithium mugihe bateri yishyuye. Hagati yabo hicaye icyitandukanya, cyoroshye cyane kibuza kubuza guhuza mugihe cyemerera ion kugenda.
Igisubizo cya electrolyte gikora nk'uburyo bwo gutwara abantu. Aya mazi cyangwa gel arimo umunyu wa lithium ituma ion zitembera hagati ya electrode. Ibyegeranyo byubu bikozwe mu muringa na aluminiyumu bihuza chimie yimbere nu nsinga zo hanze.
Iyo imirasire y'izuba itanga amashanyarazi, ayo mashanyarazi atembera muri bateri. Ingufu z'amashanyarazi zihatira lithium ion gutandukana na cathode no kwimuka binyuze muri electrolyte yerekeza kuri anode. Icyarimwe, electroni zinyura mumuzinga wo hanze kugirango uhuze amafaranga. Ubu buryo bubika ingufu mububiko bwa chimique mubikoresho bya batiri.
Ibinyuranye bibaho mugihe ukeneye imbaraga. Iyoni ya Litiyumu isubira inyuma kuri anode yerekeza kuri cathode binyuze muri electrolyte y'imbere, mugihe electron zinyura mumashanyarazi y'urugo rwawe, zikoresha ibikoresho munzira. Sisitemu yo gucunga bateri (BMS) ikurikirana iki gikorwa ubudahwema, ikurikirana voltage, ikigezweho, nubushyuhe kugirango wirinde kwishyurwa birenze cyangwa gusohora cyane bishobora kwangiza selile.
Uruzinduko - gukora neza rugaragaza ingufu usubirana ugereranije nibyo washyizemo. Nk’uko ikigo gishinzwe amakuru muri Amerika gishinzwe ingufu, kibitangaza ngo - igipimo cya lithium - sisitemu igera kuri 82%. Batiyeri - nziza yo guturamo ya LiFePO4 irashobora kugera kuri 90 - 95%, bivuze ko gutakaza ingufu nkeya mugihe cyo kwishyuza-gusohora.
Uburyo Imirasire y'izuba ikorana na sisitemu ya bateri
Batteri yizuba ntikora mu bwigunge - ni igice cya sisitemu ihuriweho nogucunga ingufu hagati yimbaho zawe, urugo, bateri, hamwe numuyoboro wamashanyarazi. Iboneza wahisemo bigira ingaruka zikomeye kumikorere no mumikorere.
Uburyo bubiri bwibanze bwo guhuza burahari: AC - ihujwe na DC - sisitemu ihujwe. Buri wese akoresha amashanyarazi muburyo butandukanye kandi akwiranye nibihe bitandukanye.
Muri AC - yashyizwe hamwe, imirasire yizuba itanga amashanyarazi ya DC ibanza kunyura mumirasire y'izuba, ikayihindura AC kugirango ikoreshwe murugo. Niba bateri ikeneye kwishyurwa, izo mbaraga za AC noneho zijya muri inverteri ya bateri itandukanye iyisubiza muri DC kugirango ibike. Mugihe ukeneye ingufu zabitswe, inverter ya bateri ihindura DC gusubira muri AC. Ihinduka ryibiri rigabanya imikorere mike - mubisanzwe na 5 - 8% -ariko itanga guhinduka. Urashobora kongeramo bateri kuri sisitemu yizuba iriho udasimbuye ibikoresho, kandi bateri irashobora kwishyurwa haba mumirasire yizuba cyangwa amashanyarazi.
DC - sisitemu zifatanije zifata inzira itaziguye. Imirasire y'izuba DC isohoka neza muri inverteri ivanga imirasire y'izuba hamwe no kwishyuza bateri. Amashanyarazi ahinduka rimwe - kuva DC kugeza AC mugihe bikenewe kugirango ukoreshwe murugo. Ihinduka rimwe ritezimbere imikorere ya 4 - 6% ugereranije na AC guhuza. Nyamara, DC ihujwe na sisitemu isaba guhuza imashini ihindagurika kandi ikora neza mugihe yateguwe hamwe kuva itangira.
Guhitamo hagati ya AC na DC guhuza biterwa nikibazo cyawe. Niba wongeyeho ububiko bwizuba rihari, guhuza AC birumvikana. Kubintu bishya, guhuza DC bitanga imikorere myiza. Bamwe mubafite amazu bakoresha - kubika izuba rihari kuri AC mugihe wongeyeho panne nshya DC - bifatanije kugirango bunguke byinshi.
Imicungire y'amashanyarazi ikorwa mu buryo bwikora. Mu masaha ya saa sita zijoro iyo panne zitanga amashanyarazi arenze urugo rwawe rukoresha, ibirenze bikoresha bateri yawe. Iyo bateri imaze kugera kubushobozi bwuzuye, ingufu zisagutse zohereza kuri gride (niba net net iboneka) cyangwa sisitemu irashobora kugabanya umusaruro. Mugihe nimugoroba yegereje kandi izuba rikagabanuka, bateri ifata nta nkomyi, isohora ingufu zabitswe kugirango ibungabunge amashanyarazi. Inzibacyuho ibaho mu buryo bwikora muri milisegonda - byihuse kuburyo amatara adahinduka kandi ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki ntibisubire.
Sisitemu zigezweho zirimo igenzura ryubwenge ritezimbere igihe cyo kwishyuza, gusohora, cyangwa gride - kohereza hanze ukurikije igipimo cyamashanyarazi, iteganyagihe, nuburyo ukoresha. Niba uri mugihe - cya - cyo gukoresha igipimo, umugenzuzi ashobora gushyira imbere gukoresha bateri mugihe cyamasaha ahenze mugihe akuramo amashanyarazi ahendutse - amashanyarazi kugirango yuzuze icyuho cyose.
Amashanyarazi ya Batiri hamwe nibikorwa biranga
Ntabwo bateri zose zibika ingufu zizuba zikora kimwe. Ubuhanga bwa chimie imbere bugena ubushobozi, igihe cyo kubaho, umutekano, nigiciro - gukora neza.
Litiyumu y'icyuma cya fosifate (LiFePO4 cyangwa LFP) yiganjemo ububiko bw'izuba butuye kubwimpamvu nziza. Batanga ubushyuhe budasanzwe - ntibakunze gushyuha cyane ugereranije nindi miti ya lithium. Batare ya LFP irashobora gukora neza mubushyuhe kuva kuri dogere -4 kugeza kuri dogere 140 F nta kwangirika kwimikorere cyangwa guhungabanya umutekano. Ubuhanga bwa chimie butuma kandi ibintu bisohoka byimbitse bitangiza selile.
Ubujyakuzimu bwo gusohora (DoD) bivuga umubare wubushobozi bwa bateri yose ushobora gukoresha neza. Batteri ya LFP mubisanzwe ishyigikira 80 - 100% DoD, bivuze ko bateri 10 kWh itanga 8 - 10 kWh yingufu zikoreshwa. Gereranya ibi na bateri ishaje ya aside-acide igarukira kuri 50% DoD-ubwo bushobozi 10 kWh bwatanga gusa 5 kWh yingufu zikoreshwa.
DoD igira ingaruka itaziguye mubuzima bwikurikiranya - umubare wamafaranga - gusohora inzinguzingo mbere yuko ubushobozi bugabanuka cyane. Batteri ya LFP yagereranijwe kuri 6000 kuri 80% DoD irashobora gutanga gusa 4000 mugihe irekuwe kugeza 100%. Ababikora benshi bashushanya sisitemu zabo kugirango barinde kuramba bagabanya DoD kugeza 90-95% nubwo tekiniki ishoboye byinshi.
2025 Enphase IQ Batteri 5P, kurugero, ikoresha selile LFP yagereranijwe kumirongo 10,000 kuri 90% DoD. Mubisanzwe byamagare ya buri munsi, bivuze imyaka 25-30 yubuzima bwa serivisi. Sisitemu yo gucunga bateri yubahiriza imipaka isohoka mu buryo bwikora, ikabuza abakoresha kugabanya igihe cyo kubaho.
Bateri ya Nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) itanga ingufu nyinshi - bapakira ububiko bwinshi mumwanya muto n'uburemere. Ibi bituma bakurura aho umwanya uba. Nyamara, chimie ya NMC ntabwo ihagaze neza mubushuhe, bisaba sisitemu yo gukonjesha ikomeye. Batteri ya NMC nayo ifite igihe gito cyo kubaho, mubisanzwe 3000-5000 cycle kuri 80% DoD.
Teswall's Powerwall 2, ikoresha chimie ya NMC, itanga 13.5 kWh murukuta ruciriritse -. Powerwall 3, yasohotse mu 2024, yerekeje muri chimie ya LFP kugirango irusheho kugira umutekano no kuramba, nubwo yagabanije ingufu nkeya.
Ubushyuhe bugira ingaruka zikomeye kumikorere ya bateri zose za lithium - ion. Ubushuhe bukonje butinda imiti, kugabanya ubushobozi buhari no kwihuta. Batare kuri dogere 32 F irashobora gutanga 70 - 80% yubushobozi bwayo. Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwihutisha kwangirika - gukora ubudahwema hejuru ya dogere 95 F bishobora kugabanya ubuzima muri rusange 20-30%. Niyo mpamvu ibyinshi hanze yububiko birimo ubushyuhe bugenzurwa nubushyuhe.
Kwishyura - igipimo cyo gusohora cyerekana uburyo ingufu zabitswe vuba vuba iyo zidakoreshejwe. Batteri ya LFP itakaza hafi 1 - 3% yishyurwa buri kwezi iyo idafite akazi, iruta kure igihombo cya 20 - 30% buri kwezi muri bateri ya aside-aside. Ibi bituma lithium-ion ibera imbaraga zo gusubira inyuma zishobora kwicara zidakoreshejwe amezi.
Sisitemu yo gucunga bateri nibiranga umutekano
Buri bateri yo kubika ingufu z'izuba irimo mudasobwa ihanitse yitwa Batteri yo gucunga (BMS) ikora nk'umurinzi kandi ikanatanga optimiz. Bitabaye ibyo, bateri ya lithium - ion yaba itizewe kandi ishobora guteza akaga.
BMS idahwema gukurikirana ibipimo byinshi muri selile yose ipakira. Ikurikirana ingufu za selile kugiti cye, ikemeza ko ziguma mumutekano - mubisanzwe 2,5 kugeza kuri 3,65 volt kuri selile ya chimie ya LFP. Niba selile iyo ari yo yose igenda hanze yimbibi, BMS ihita igabanya kwishyuza cyangwa gusohora amashanyarazi, cyangwa kuzimya bateri burundu nibiba ngombwa.
Gukurikirana ubushyuhe bibaho ahantu henshi muri paki ya bateri. Ibyuma byubushyuhe byerekana ubushyuhe bushobora kwerekana ikabutura yimbere cyangwa selile zananiranye. Niba ubushyuhe burenze urugero ntarengwa - mubisanzwe hafi dogere 140 F kuri bateri ya LFP - BMS ikora sisitemu yo gukonjesha cyangwa igahagarika bateri kumuzunguruko.
Kugabanuka kurubu birinda igipimo cyinshi cyo gushushanya gishobora kwangiza selile cyangwa guteza ingaruka zumuriro. Buri chimie ya bateri ifite igipimo ntarengwa cyumutekano nogusohora, bipimye mubipimo C -. Batare 10 kWh ifite igipimo cya 1C gishobora gutanga neza 10 kW yingufu zikomeza. BMS yubahiriza izo mipaka hatitawe kubisabwa, niyo mpamvu bateri zifite "imbaraga zihoraho" hamwe n "" imbaraga za mpinga ".
Kuringaniza selile nimwe mubikorwa bya BMS birebire - imikorere yigihembwe. Mugihe bateri zishaje, selile zitandukanye zikura ubushobozi butandukanye hamwe no guhangana imbere. Hatabayeho gukosorwa, selile zimwe zariyongereye mugihe izindi zishyurwa muri buri cyiciro, byihuta. BMS iringaniza cyane selile mugusaranganya amafaranga - haba ikwirakwiza ingufu zirenze ingirabuzimafatizo zuzuye nkubushyuhe (pasiporo iringaniye) cyangwa ihererekanya ryuzuye kuva selile zuzuye (kuringaniza ibikorwa). Ibi bituma selile zose zikora mugihe kimwe, bikagabanya ubuzima bwuzuye muri rusange.
Ikigereranyo cya Leta ishinzwe (SoC) kiragoye kuruta uko bigaragara. BMS ntishobora gupima mu buryo butaziguye ingufu zisigaye - aho, ibara SoC ihuza urujya n'uruza mugihe mugihe ibara ingaruka zubushyuhe, umurongo wa voltage, hamwe namakuru yimikorere yamateka. Ikigereranyo cyukuri cya SoC ningirakamaro mukurinda gusohora -, bishobora kwangiza burundu lithium - selile.
Ibice bigezweho bya BMS birimo ibice byinshi byumutekano uhagarara. Niba sisitemu imenye ibintu biteye akaga - ikabutura yimbere, ubushyuhe bukabije, voltage idasanzwe - irashobora gukora imashini ihuza imashini cyangwa ikomeye - reta kugirango itandukane kumubiri na bateri yose. Sisitemu zimwe zirimo umutekano wumurengera, bisaba kunanirwa kwigenga mbere yuko ibintu biteye akaga bishobora gutera.
Porotokole y'itumanaho yemerera BMS gusangira amakuru na inverters, kugenzura ibicuruzwa, hamwe na porogaramu zikurikirana. Urashobora kubona real - igihe cyogutwara imbaraga, SoC, ubushyuhe, hamwe nibipimo byerekana ukoresheje porogaramu za terefone. Icy'ingenzi cyane, inverter ikoresha amakuru ya BMS kugirango ihindure ibipimo byo kwishyuza - guhindura voltage hamwe nubu kugirango ubuzima bwiza bwa bateri bwuzuze ibisabwa ingufu.
Ingano nubushobozi bwo gutekereza
Guhitamo neza ingufu za batiri zikoresha ingufu zizuba bisaba kumva imbaraga zawe zose nuburyo bateri zisohora mugihe. Ubushobozi bwonyine ntabwo buvuga inkuru yuzuye.
Ubushobozi bwa Batteri bupimwe muri kilowatt - amasaha (kWh), byerekana ububiko bwose. Batare ya 10 kWh irashobora gutanga mubyukuri 10 kW kumasaha imwe, 5 kW kumasaha abiri, cyangwa 1 kW kumasaha icumi. Ukuri kurarenze. Igipimo cyingufu, gipimye muri kilowatts (kilowati), cyerekana uburyo bateri ishobora gutanga ingufu byihuse. Batare irashobora kugira ubushobozi bwa 10 kWh ariko 5 kW gusa ikomeza ingufu z'amashanyarazi - bivuze ko bisaba byibuze amasaha abiri kugirango isohore byuzuye, utitaye kubisabwa.
Ibi bifite akamaro iyo bingana imbaraga zo gusubira inyuma. Byose - gusubira inyuma murugo mugihe cyo kubura bisaba gupfuka imitwaro yimpanuka - mugihe ibikoresho byinshi - ibikoresho byamashanyarazi bikorera icyarimwe. Ubusanzwe inzu ya metero kare 2000 ishobora kugira 30-40 amp nyamukuru ishushanya mugihe cyo gukoresha impinga, bivuze kuri 7-10 kW. Niba bateri yawe itanga gusa 5 kW isohoka ikomeza, uzakenera gucunga imizigo cyangwa umutwaro uremereye kugirango ushyire imbere imirongo yingenzi.
Iminsi yo kwigenga igena igihe bateri yawe ikeneye kugirango urugo rwawe rutagira izuba. Umunsi umwe wubwigenge bivuze ubunini kubyo ukoresha buri munsi. Benshi mubafite amazu bareba iminsi 1 - iminsi 2 ya sisitemu ihujwe na gride -, bazi ko izuba rizongera kwaka ku manywa. Sisitemu yo hanze ya gride mubisanzwe ingano yiminsi 3-5 kugirango ikemure ibihe byinshi.
Kubara ibyo ukeneye usuzuma imikoreshereze yamashanyarazi. Urugo rukoresha 30 kWh buri munsi rwakenera 30 kWh kumunsi umwe wubwigenge. Ibintu mubushobozi bukoreshwa - wibuke ko 80-90% bigarukira. Batare 10 kWh hamwe na 90% DoD itanga 9 kWh ikoreshwa. Kuri 30 kWh ikoreshwa buri munsi, wakenera hafi 34 kWh yubushobozi bwa bateri yose, bingana na 90% ntarengwa ikoreshwa.
Ibihe bitandukanye. Gukoresha ingufu z'itumba akenshi birenze icyi mubihe bikonje kubera imitwaro yo gushyushya no kugabanya izuba. Ingano kubintu bibi - urubanza keretse niba worohewe na grid backup muri ibyo bihe.
Modularity yemerera kwaguka icyiciro. Sisitemu nyinshi za bateri reka utangire nigice kimwe hanyuma wongereho nyuma. Enphase IQ Batteri 5P, kurugero, itanga 5 kWh kuri buri gice hamwe nubunzani bugera kuri 40 kWh (ibice umunani) uko bikenewe bikura. Ubu buryo bukwirakwiza ibiciro mugihe wirinze kurenza urugero.
Guhindura imitwaro kumwanya - ya - gukoresha (TOU) igipimo cyiza gisaba logique itandukanye. Aho kugirango iminsi yigenga, ubare umubare wimpanuka - ukoresha ushaka gutwikira izuba ryabitswe. Niba urugo rwawe rukoresha 5 kWh hagati ya 4 - 9 PM kuri $ 0.35 / kWt, ariko amashanyarazi adasanzwe agura $ 0.12 / kWt, bateri 5 kWh ishobora kuzigama hafi $ 35 buri kwezi ukoresheje izuba ryabitswe aho gukoresha ingufu zihenze. Kuzigama kuzimya bateri igura igihe, nubwo ibihe byo kwishyura bitandukana cyane bitewe nuburyo imiterere yikigereranyo.
Nukuri - Amakuru yimikorere yisi
Igitekerezo gihura nimyitozo mugihe cyo gusuzuma ibyakozwe. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe bugaragaza ubushobozi nimbibi za sisitemu ya batiri yizuba.
Umuryango wa Culwell muri Kentucky washyizeho imirasire y'izuba 10 kW hamwe na Tesla Powerwalls ebyiri (ubushobozi bwa 27 kWh zose) muri kamena 2019. Inzu yabo ya metero kare 3.000 mbere yatwaraga impuzandengo ya kilowati 35 kuri buri munsi kuri gride, igatwara amadorari 180 buri kwezi. Nyuma yo kwishyiriraho, Nyakanga 2019 fagitire y’amashanyarazi yerekanye igabanuka rya 73% mu gukoresha imiyoboro ya interineti ugereranije na Nyakanga 2018 - igabanuka rya gride igera kuri 9-10 kWh buri munsi. Sisitemu ikora igikoni cyabo, icyumba cyo kuryamamo, igikarabiro / icyuma, imashini ya EV, na interineti nkibikoresho bikomeye byo kugarura ibintu. Mu gihe gito cyabaye muri Nzeri 2019, inzibacyuho ntizigeze zihagije ku buryo umuryango wabimenye gusa babimenyeshejwe na porogaramu ya Tesla-amatara ntiyigeze yaka.
Nyiri Australiya wa mbere Tesla Powerwall, Nick Pfitzner, atanga amakuru maremare -. Sisitemu ye yashyizweho muri Mutarama 2016 yarimo izuba rya 6.5 kW (paneli 26 x 250W) hamwe na 7 kWh yumwimerere. Ibiciro by'amashanyarazi buri mwaka byagabanutse kuva $ 2,289 muri 2015 bigera kuri $ 283 muri 2017 - byagabanutseho 88%. Pfitzner avuga ko hafi 50% yo kuzigama bituruka ku musaruro ukomoka ku zuba, 25% mu kubika batiri ituma ukoresha wenyine, na 25% bitewe n’imihindagurikire y’imyitwarire no kuzamura igipimo cyize binyuze mu kugenzura sisitemu. Imikoreshereze ye ya buri munsi yagabanutse kuva kuri 22 kWh igera kuri 17 kWt kuko kugaragara kwa porogaramu byagaragaje ingeso mbi. Nyuma yimyaka ine, igihe cye cyo kwishyura yagabanutse kuva mubiteganijwe mbere yimyaka 14-18 kugeza munsi yimyaka 8, cyane cyane izamuka ryibiciro byamashanyarazi ya gride no kwitabira gahunda za serivise.
Icyatsi kibisi cya Vermont gikora progaramu ya power power ihuza 500+ Powerwalls yo guturamo. Muri Nyakanga 2024, ubushyuhe bwakoresheje ingufu zabitswe muri bateri zitabira mugihe gikenewe cyane. Sisitemu imwe ya nyiri urugo yitabiriye gusohora ingufu zabitswe zisubira kuri gride buri munsi icyumweru cyose, zikarangira ku cyumweru mbere yo kuzuza kuwa mbere. Green Mountain Power yatangaje ko ububiko bwakwirakwijwe bugera ku biro 17,600 byangiza imyuka ya gaze karuboni mu masaha yo hejuru - bihwanye no kudatwika litiro 910 za lisansi. Abitabiriye amahugurwa babona inguzanyo buri kwezi mugihe batanga imiyoboro ihamye.
Kwishyiriraho Ubwongereza muri Rugby byahujije imirasire y'izuba 8.1 kW hamwe na Tesla Powerwall 3 mu 2025. Sisitemu itanga amashanyarazi arenga 7,000 kWh buri mwaka - umuryango ukoresha hafi 60% mu buryo butaziguye, ubika 25% muri bateri kugirango ukoreshwe nimugoroba, kandi wohereze 15% binyuze mu kwishyura ubwishingizi bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Imvura yo mu gihe cy'itumba yerekana ko sisitemu igikora 40-50% y'ibikenerwa buri munsi nubwo izuba ryagabanutse, hamwe na batiri ikazamuka mugitondo na nimugoroba.
Izi ngero nyazo - ingero zisi zerekana imiterere ihamye. Imirasire y'izuba - wongeyeho - sisitemu yo kubika ubusanzwe igabanya imiyoboro ya gride 70-90% mu cyi na 40-60% mugihe cy'itumba. Igihe cyo kwishyura kiri hagati yimyaka 6-12 bitewe nigipimo cyamashanyarazi cyaho, ibitera inkunga, nuburyo bukoreshwa. Imikorere ya bateri ikomeza guhagarara mumyaka 7-10 mbere yuko kugabanuka kwubushobozi kugaragara mubikorwa bya buri munsi.
Sisitemu yo Kwishyira hamwe na Serivisi
Batteri zibika ingufu zizuba zikora mumashanyarazi yagutse yibidukikije, ikorana nibikorwa, sisitemu yo murugo ifite ubwenge, hamwe na tekinoroji ya gride igaragara.
Politiki yo gupima neza igena niba bateri igomba gushyira imbere - gukoresha cyangwa kohereza hanze. Muri leta zifite ibipimo bikomeye net- aho inguzanyo zingirakamaro zohereza izuba ku giciro cyo kugurisha - kohereza ibicuruzwa byihuse birashobora kuba byiza kuruta kubika bateri. Californiya ya NEM 3.0, yashyizwe mu bikorwa mu 2023, yagabanije cyane inguzanyo zoherezwa mu mahanga, bituma ububiko bwa batiri butunguranye cyane ku buryo bwo gukoresha izuba - ryakoresheje izuba. Ishyirahamwe rya Solar and Storage Association ryatangaje ko iri hinduka rya politiki ryatumye amashanyarazi ya Californiya yiyongera 180% muri 2024 ugereranije na 2023.
Igihe - cya - igipimo cyo gukoresha gitanga amahirwe yo gukemura. Batteri yishyuza mugihe cya - mugihe cyo hejuru (haba mumirasire y'izuba cyangwa amashanyarazi ahendutse) no gusohora mumasaha ahenze. Mu majyepfo ya Kaliforuniya ya Edison, aho igipimo cyo hejuru gishobora kurenga $ 0.50 / kWt mugihe impanuka ya - yagabanutse ikagera kuri $ 0.10 / kWt, umuvuduko wa batiri 13.5 kWh ku munsi ushobora kuzigama amadolari 5-6 buri munsi, cyangwa $ 150-180 buri kwezi. Kuzigama mubyukuri biratandukanye ukurikije imiterere yumutwaro wurugo nigihe cyo gukora izuba.
Amashanyarazi ya Virtual (VPPs) akusanya bateri zo guturamo kugirango zitange serivisi za gride. Ibikorwa cyangwa icya gatatu - abakora amashyaka bahuza mugihe bateri zishyuye kandi zisohora, zifasha kuringaniza itangwa rya gride nibisabwa. Abitabiriye amahugurwa bahabwa indishyi - mubisanzwe $ 100 - 400 buri mwaka kuri bateri-mugihe bakomeza kubona ingufu zabitswe kubyo bakeneye. Gahunda ya VPP ya 2025 ya Arizona yishyura amadorari 110 kuri kilowati ukurikije impuzandengo yo gusohora mugihe cyabaye. Batiri ya kilowati 5 yitabira ibirori 20 buri mwaka ishobora kwinjiza $ 220-300.
Imiyoboro - ikora inverters yerekana ubwihindurize bukurikira. Imiyoboro gakondo - sisitemu ihujwe ifunga mugihe cyo kubura kurinda abakozi bakora, bigatuma imirasire yizuba yawe ntacyo imaze no kumunsi wizuba. Imiyoboro - ikora inverter irashobora gukora ibyuma byayo bya AC voltage yumuriro, bigatuma bateri nizuba bitanga urugo rwawe rwigenga mugihe gride yananiwe. Enphase's 2025 off - sisitemu ya gride ikoresha gride yashyizwemo - ikora microinverter muri Batteri yabo ya IQ, ituma ibikorwa byigenga rwose bidafite aho bihurira.
Guhuza urugo rwubwenge byongera ubushobozi bwa bateri. Sisitemu irashobora kuvugana nubushakashatsi bwimbitse, amashanyarazi ya EV, nibikoresho kugirango uhindure igihe cyumutwaro. Batare irashobora kubanza - gukonjesha urugo mbere yuko igipimo cyo hejuru gitangira, kugabanya ibisabwa mumasaha ahenze. Amashanyarazi ya EV arashobora guhita azimya - hejuru ya windows cyangwa ibihe byizuba ryinshi. Murugo Murugo nibindi bisa bireka abakoresha bateye imbere bashiraho amategeko yihariye yo gukoresha ashingiye kuri bateri SoC, ibiciro byamashanyarazi, hamwe nikirere.
Gusabwa no Kubungabunga Ibisabwa
Kwishyiriraho neza byerekana niba bateri yawe ikora kubisobanuro nigihe bimara. Ibintu byinshi bisaba kwitabwaho neza.
Guhitamo ahantu haringaniza kugerwaho, kurinda ikirere, nibisabwa kode y'amashanyarazi. Batteri ikora neza mubushyuhe - ibidukikije bigenzurwa - nibyiza hagati ya 50 - 80 dogere F umwaka wose. Kwinjirira mu nzu mu igaraje cyangwa mu byumba by’ingirakamaro birinda ubushyuhe bukabije ariko bisaba guhumeka bihagije no guhanagura. Kode nyinshi zisaba metero 3 zo gusiba imbere na santimetero 6 kumpande zo gukonjesha umwuka no kubungabunga ibidukikije.
Kwishyiriraho hanze bikenera ahantu hirinda ikirere. Batteri nyinshi zo guturamo zapimwe IP65 cyangwa IP67, bivuze ko zirwanya umukungugu n'amazi. Nyamara, izuba ryinshi rishobora gutuma ubushyuhe burenga imipaka itekanye. Igicucu, ahantu hapfunditswe cyangwa uruzitiro rukomeza ubushyuhe bukwiye. IQ Battery 5P irapimwe kugirango ikore kugeza kuri dogere 140 F, ariko ubushyuhe bwo hejuru buracyakomeza kugabanya igihe cyo kubaho ndetse no muri spec.
Guhuza amashanyarazi bisaba kwishyiriraho umwuga. Imirasire y'izuba - hiyongereyeho - sisitemu yo kubika ikenera hasi neza, imiyoboro nini nini, kurinda birenze urugero, hamwe nibikoresho - ibikoresho byemewe. Amategeko y’igihugu y’amashanyarazi (NEC) Ingingo ya 706 ivuga cyane cyane sisitemu yo kubika ingufu, itegeka ubushobozi bwihuse bwo guhagarika, arc - kurinda amakosa, no gushyiramo ikimenyetso gikwiye. Gushyira DIY bitesha agaciro garanti kandi bigatera ibibazo byuburyozwe.
Uruhushya no kwemeza byingirakamaro kuri gride - sisitemu ihujwe. Inkiko nyinshi zisaba uruhushya rwamashanyarazi, ibyangombwa byo kubaka, namasezerano yo guhuza ibikorwa. Ibihe byo gutunganya biratandukanye kuva 2 - ibyumweru 6 bitewe nubushobozi bwaho. Ibikorwa bimwe bisaba ubwishingizi bwinyongera cyangwa anti-birwa kugenzura mbere yo kwemeza umurongo wa gride.
Gukoresha komisiyo ikubiyemo ibizamini bya sisitemu. Kwinjizamo kugenzura urwego rukwiye rwa voltage, rwemeza imikorere yimikorere yimikorere mugihe cyashize, igena ibipimo byishyurwa / bisohora, kandi igahuza sisitemu yo gukurikirana. Uzakira amahugurwa kuri porogaramu yo gukurikirana no gukemura ibibazo by'ibanze.
Kubungabunga lithium - bateri ya ion ni nto ariko ntabwo ari zeru. Igenzura ryerekanwa buri mezi 6 - amezi 12 reba niba ruswa ishobora kwangirika, guhanagura neza, hamwe nibimenyetso byinjira. Ivugurura rya software rimwe na rimwe ritezimbere imikorere cyangwa wongere ibiranga - sisitemu nyinshi zivugurura mu buryo bwikora hejuru ya Wi - Fi. Gusimbuza bateri mubisanzwe bibaho nyuma yimyaka 10-15 mugihe ubushobozi bugabanutse kugera kuri 60-70% byumwimerere. Bamwe mubakora ibicuruzwa batanga porogaramu zo gutunganya bateri zishaje no kuzamura ikoranabuhanga rishya.
Sisitemu yo gukurikirana ikurikirana imikorere no kumenya ibibazo hakiri kare. Batteri nyinshi zitanga porogaramu za terefone zerekana - igihe cyogukwirakwiza ingufu, ibishushanyo mbonera byingufu za buri munsi, hamwe nubuzima bwimibereho. Imenyesha ryo kumenyesha riraburira ibihe bidasanzwe mbere yuko bitera kunanirwa. Porogaramu ya Tesla, kurugero, iramenyesha ba nyirayo niba ingufu za gride zananiranye, mugihe bateri igeze kuri SoC nkeya, cyangwa niba amakosa ya sisitemu abaye.
Isesengura ryibiciro hamwe nubukungu
Amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba ubukungu bushingiye kubihinduka byinshi birenze igiciro cyambere cyo kugura. Gusobanukirwa ishusho yimari yuzuye ifasha gushiraho ibiteganijwe.
Ibiciro byibikoresho bya litiro yo guturamo - bateri ya ion iri hagati ya $ 700 - 1,200 kuri kilowati yubushobozi muri 2025. Kwiyubaka byongera $ 2000-5,000 bitewe nubushobozi-busanzwe bwamashanyarazi akoreshwa, bisabwa uruhushya, haba AC cyangwa DC guhuza, hamwe nigipimo cyabakozi. Ibiciro byose byashizwe mubisanzwe bigabanuka hagati y $ 12,000-22,000 kuri sisitemu isanzwe yo guturamo.
Inkunga ya leta itezimbere cyane ubukungu. Inguzanyo yo gushora imari (ITC) itanga 30% yinguzanyo yimisoro ya sisitemu ya batiri yizuba yashizweho kugeza 2032, ikamanuka ikagera kuri 26% muri 2033 na 22% muri 2034.Iyi nguzanyo ireba imirasire yizuba na bateri iyo yishyuwe cyane nizuba. Kuri sisitemu ya batiri yashyizweho $ 15,000, ITC igabanya igiciro cyamafaranga agera ku $ 10.500.
Ibikorwa bya leta nibikorwa byingirakamaro biratandukanye cyane. Californiya Yigenga - Gahunda yo Kwiteza Imbere (SGIP) itanga amadorari 150-200 kuri kilowati yo kubika bateri, itanga $ 2000-2700 kuri sisitemu ya 13.5 kWh. Porogaramu yo Kwibika ya New York yishyura amafaranga asa. Massachusetts itanga uburyo butandukanye bwo kubika ibirenze ITC. Porogaramu ya Batiri ya Hawaii yishyura serivisi za gride.
Kubara kwishura bisaba kugereranya kuzigama kwumwaka. Reba ibice bitatu: kwikorera - agaciro kokoresha (ukoresheje izuba ryabitswe aho gukoresha ingufu za gride), kugabanya amafaranga (kuri sisitemu yubucuruzi), hamwe na serivise yinjiza. Sisitemu isanzwe yo guturamo muri Californiya irashobora kuzigama $ 100 - 150 buri kwezi binyuze muburyo bwiza bwo gukoresha - hamwe nubukemurampaka bwa TOU. Ku madolari 1,400 yo kuzigama buri mwaka hamwe n’amadorari 10.500 nyuma yo gushimangira, kwishyura bibaho hafi imyaka 7-8. Ibi bivuze ko ibiciro by'amashanyarazi byiyongera 3-5% buri mwaka-umuvuduko wihuta wihuta kwishura.
Ubuzima bwa bateri bugira ingaruka ndende - agaciro kigihe. Batare imara imyaka 15 kumadorari 10.500 yumutungo winjiza amadorari 1,400 yumwaka ahwanye n $ 21,000 yo kuzigama ubuzima - hafi inshuro ebyiri ishoramari ryambere. Ariko, niba bateri imara imyaka 8 gusa, kuzigama kwose birenze ikiguzi.
Amahirwe atwara ibintu kuri - sisitemu ya gride. Kuzimya burundu - gride irashobora gusaba $ 40,000 - 60.000 mumirasire y'izuba na bateri. Ishoramari rimwe rishobora kwinjiza 5 - 8% buri mwaka mu ishoramari ritandukanye, ryinjiza $ 2000-4,800 buri mwaka. Keretse niba uri ahantu hitaruye aho imiyoboro ya gride igura amadolari 30.000-50.000, ubukungu bwuzuye ntibukunze kwerekana ubuzima bwa gride. Benshi mubabihitamo babikora kubwigenge bwingufu no kwihaza aho kuba inyungu zamafaranga.
Kugarura imbaraga agaciro ni subitifike. Ni kangahe gukomeza gukonjesha, kugera kuri interineti, no kurwanya ikirere mugihe cyamasaha 24 yabuze? Ku muntu ukorera mu rugo, ikibazo kimwe kibuza umunsi w'akazi gishobora kugura amadorari 200-400 yinjiza. Kubakoresha ibikoresho byubuvuzi, imbaraga zo gusubira inyuma ningirakamaro hatitawe kubiciro. Shinga agaciro k'amafaranga mumahoro yo mumutima mugihe ubara bateri ifite agaciro.
Bateri zikoreshwa za EV zitanga ubundi buryo buhendutse. Mugihe ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi bishaje, bateri zabo ziracyagumana 70 - 80% ubushobozi - bidahagije kubinyabiziga ariko bihagije kubikwa bihagaze. Ibigo byinshi ubu byongeye gukoresha bateri zikoreshwa mububiko bwurugo kuri 40 - 60% yikiguzi gishya. Sisitemu ya 10 kWh ivuye muri bateri yubuzima bwa kabiri irashobora kugura $ 7,000-9,000 yashizwemo na $ 15,000 kubishya. Ibicuruzwa bigufi ni igihe gisigaye cyo kubaho-wenda imyaka 5-7 aho kuba 12-15.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Nshobora kwishyuza bateri yo kubika ingufu zizuba muri gride?
Nibyo, sisitemu nyinshi zemerera kwishyuza gride, nubwo niba ugomba guterwa nuburyo igipimo cyawe. Niba uri mugihe - cya - koresha ibiciro, kwishyuza bateri yawe ukoresheje amashanyarazi ya - ya gride ya gride kandi kuyikoresha mugihe cyamasaha ahenze birashobora kubyara kuzigama nubwo nta zuba. Sisitemu zimwe zemerera guhagarika amashanyarazi ya gride niba ukunda kubika gusa izuba. Mugihe cyikirere cyinshi, kwishyuza gride birinda kugabanuka kwa batiri bishobora kugabanya igihe cyo kubaho.
Bigenda bite kumirasire yizuba mugihe umuriro wabuze?
Imiyoboro isanzwe - ihuza imirasire y'izuba yafunzwe mugihe cyo kubura kurinda abakozi bakora ibikorwa - icyifuzo cyumutekano cyitwa anti - birwa. Panel yawe nta mbaraga zitanga no muminsi yizuba nta gride ya voltage ihari. Ongeramo bateri ifite ubushobozi bwo gusubira inyuma ihindura ibi. Inverteri ya bateri ikora voltage yerekana imirasire yizuba ikenera, ibemerera gukomeza gutanga ingufu zo kwishyuza bateri no gutanga urugo rwawe mugihe cyumunsi -.
Bateri zibika ingufu zizuba zimara igihe kingana iki?
Litiyumu igezweho - bateri zisanzwe zemewe mumyaka 10 cyangwa umubare runaka wizunguruka - akenshi 3,700 - 6,000 byuzuye. Mubyukuri - ikoreshwa ryabatuye isi, bivuze imyaka 12-15 kuri sisitemu nziza ya LFP yo gusiganwa ku magare buri munsi. Ubushobozi bwa bateri bugenda bugabanuka buhoro buhoro mugihe. Garanti nyinshi zemeza ko bateri igumana 60-70% yubushobozi bwumwimerere nyuma yimyaka 10. Kugabanuka kw'imikorere gahoro gahoro-uzabona ko bitwara igihe kinini kugirango unyuze nimugoroba ku mbaraga za bateri, ariko sisitemu ntishobora gutsindwa gitunguranye.
Nshobora kugenda rwose - gride hamwe nizuba na bateri?
Mubuhanga yego, ariko bisaba kurenza urugero kandi byongera ikiguzi kinini. Off - sisitemu ya gride ikenera ubushobozi buhagije bwo gukemura iminsi myinshi yikurikiranya, mubisanzwe bisaba 3 - 5x ubushobozi bwa bateri ya gride - sisitemu ihujwe. Uzakenera kandi ibisekuruza byabigenewe - moteri ya moteri cyangwa mazutu - kugirango yongere igihe gito -. Ibiciro byose akenshi birenga $ 50-80,000 $ murugo rusanzwe. Keretse niba imiyoboro ya gride idashoboka cyangwa ihenze cyane, abantu benshi basanga sisitemu ya Hybrid (cyane cyane yihagije ariko hamwe na gride backup) ifatika.
Iterambere rya Tekinike hamwe nikoranabuhanga rishya
Ikoranabuhanga rya batiri ikoresha ingufu z'izuba rikomeje gutera imbere, hamwe nibikorwa byinshi bishobora kugira ingaruka kububiko bw'izuba butuye mumyaka iri imbere.
Bateri zikomeye - bateri zisimbuza electrolytite yamazi nibikoresho bikomeye bya ceramic cyangwa polymer. Ibi bivanaho ingaruka zo kumeneka kandi bigatuma ingufu zingana - zishobora kubika 40 - 50% ingufu nyinshi mumwanya umwe. Ubuhanga bukomeye - chimie ya leta nayo ikora ubushyuhe bukabije kandi ikishyurwa vuba. Toyota na QuantumScape zirimo gukora bateri zikomeye za EV; ububiko bwo guturamo buzakurikiza igihe cyo gukora umunzani. Tegereza kuboneka mubucuruzi hafi 2027-2029.
Sodium - bateri ya ion ikoresha sodium nyinshi aho gukoresha lithium, birashoboka kugabanya ibiciro 20 - 30%. Bakora neza mubushuhe bukonje kandi ntibishoboka gutwika, kuzamura umutekano. Nyamara, bateri ya sodiumi - ion ifite ingufu nke ugereranije na lithium - ion, bigatuma ikwiranye neza nububiko buhagaze aho umwanya utagabanijwe. Inganda zAbashinwa zimaze gukora sodium - ion selile kubikorwa byingirakamaro; ibicuruzwa byo guturamo bigomba kuhagera muri 2026.
Icyuma - bateri zo mu kirere zibika ingufu binyuze mu myuka ya okiside - byiganjemo ingese. Birahendutse bidasanzwe (birashoboka munsi ya $ 20 / kWt) kandi bimara imyaka mirongo hamwe no gutesha agaciro gake. Gufata ni ingufu nke zisohoka - zisohora buhoro buhoro hejuru yamasaha 24 - 100, bigatuma biba byiza kumwanya muremure - igihe kirekire ariko bikennye kubisabwa -. Form Energy yubaka sisitemu yubucuruzi bwicyuma-kirere; verisiyo yo guturamo irashobora kugaragara mumyaka 5-7 iri imbere.
Kwishyiriraho ibice byombi bihindura imodoka yawe muri bateri yo murugo. Ikinyabiziga - kugeza - sisitemu yo murugo (V2H) igufasha kuvana ingufu muri bateri ya EV yawe mugihe cyacitse cyangwa igipimo cyo hejuru. Batare ya 75 kWh EV ishobora guha ingufu urugo rusanzwe muminsi 2-3. Imirasire ya F-150 ya Ford na Ioniq 5 ya Hyundai isanzwe ishyigikira V2H hamwe nibikoresho bikwiye. Nkuko EV nyinshi zongera ubu bushobozi hamwe nibikoresho byabigenewe biba bihendutse (kuri ubu $ 3000-6,000), birashobora kugabanya gukenera bateri zitandukanye zo murugo.
Ububiko bwa bateri buhindura izuba kuva mugihe kimwe kugeza kumashanyarazi yizewe. Bateri yo kubika ingufu z'izuba ifata izuba ryinshi ryumunsi kandi ikarekura mugihe bikenewe - niba ibyo bitwikiriye imitwaro ya nimugoroba, kubungabunga ingufu mugihe cyacitse, cyangwa kwitabira gahunda yo kuringaniza imiyoboro.
Uburyo bwibanze buroroshye: lithium ion ihinduranya hagati ya electrode, ikabika ingufu mumashanyarazi kandi ikayirekura nkumuyagankuba. Ariko sisitemu ikora neza isaba ubuhanga buhanitse - Sisitemu yo gucunga bateri irinda umutekano no kuramba, ubunini bukwiye bujyanye nimikoreshereze yawe, kugenzura ubwenge gukoresha neza igihe cyo kwishyuza, hamwe no guhuza imirasire y'izuba hamwe na gride y'amashanyarazi.
Ubukungu buratandukanye cyane ahantu. Gushimangira gukomeye, umuvuduko mwinshi w'amashanyarazi, hamwe no gupima neza net bituma bateri zishishikaza amafaranga mumasoko amwe mugihe asigaye ari marginal mubindi. Ariko inyungu zamafaranga ntabwo arizo zonyine zitekerezwa. Umutekano w'ingufu mugihe ugenda uhura kenshi na gride, inyungu zibidukikije zo gukoresha cyane igihe gishobora gukoreshwa, hamwe nubwigenge buva kugenzura ibikorwa byose mubyemezo.
Ikoranabuhanga rikomeje gutera imbere. Bateri y'ejo izabika ingufu nyinshi, irambe, igure make, kandi ihuze byinshi hamwe no gucunga ingufu murugo. Ariko sisitemu yiki gihe imaze gukura bihagije kugirango itange imikorere yizewe kumyaka icumi cyangwa irenga.