Ukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo kubika ingufu,tekinoroji yo kubika ingufuirashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bitanu: tekinoroji yo kubika ingufu za mashini, tekinoroji yo kubika ingufu za electrochemic, tekinoroji yo kubika ingufu zamashanyarazi, tekinoroji yo kubika ingufu za chimique, hamwe nubuhanga bwo kubika ingufu zumuriro.
◇Ikoranabuhanga ryo kubika ingufu z'amashanyarazi
◇Ubuhanga bwo kubika ingufu za chimique
◇Ubuhanga bwo kubika ubushyuhe
Ikoranabuhanga ryo kubika ingufu
Nkuko bizwi, uburyo butandukanye bwa kinetic nimbaraga zishobora kubaho muri kamere, nkamazi atemba, umuyaga karemano, imiraba, numuraba; ibikorwa byabantu nabyo bibyara ingufu nyinshi za kinetic nimbaraga zishobora kubaho, nkabantu bagenda, ibinyabiziga, amato, namazi. Izi mbaraga zose, zaba zarabyaye muri kamere nizibyara ibikorwa byabantu, nisoko yingufu zishobora kubaho. Imbaraga za mashini nigiteranyo cyingufu za kinetic nimbaraga zishobora kuba, ubwinshi bwumubiri bugaragaza uko ibintu bigenda nuburebure bwikintu. Ingufu za kinetic nimbaraga zishobora ikintu zirashobora guhinduka mubindi; murwego rwo guhinduranya hagati yingufu za kinetic nimbaraga zishoboka, ubwinshi bwingufu za mashini zikomeza guhoraho, ni ukuvuga ingufu za mashini zabitswe.
Kubika ingufu za mashini ni tekinoroji ihindura ingufu mumashanyarazi kugirango ibike hanyuma ikayihindura mumashanyarazi mugihe bikenewe. Uburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwo kubika ingufu zirimo kubika pompe yabitswe, kubika ikirere gikonje, hamwe no kubika ingufu za flawheel. Tekinoroji yo kubika ingufu za mashini mubusanzwe ifite ingufu nyinshi, ubushobozi bwihuse bwo gusubiza, hamwe nigihe kirekire cyumurimo, bigatuma bikenerwa no kugenzura amashanyarazi no gutanga amashanyarazi yihutirwa. Igihe cyo kubika nubunini biratandukana bitewe nubuhanga bwihariye, kuva kuminota kugeza kumunsi, kandi birashobora guhaza ibikenerwa bitandukanye byo kubika ingufu.
Ububiko bwa hydro pompe:
Ububiko bwa hydro pomped nubu bukoreshwa cyane nini - tekinoroji yo kubika ingufu. Ikoresha amashanyarazi mu kuvoma amazi kuva mu kigega cyo hasi - kugeza ku kigega kinini -, ikabika ingufu zayo. Mugihe cyo gukenera amashanyarazi menshi, amazi arekurwa kugirango atange amashanyarazi binyuze muri turbine. Ubu buryo bufite ubushobozi bwo guhinduka cyane (mubisanzwe 70% - 85%), burakwiriye kugenzura itandukaniro rya - itandukaniro ryibibaya mumashanyarazi, kandi ritanga ubushobozi bunini bwo kubika no gukora neza.
Ububiko bwa hydro pompe bukoreshwa kenshi mugushigikira ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu za gride, guhuza ibicuruzwa no guhindagurika gukenewe, kandi bifite igihe kirekire cyo kubika hamwe nubushobozi bukomeye bwo kubika. Ihame ryayo ryerekanwa mu gishushanyo 1-1.
Kubika ingufu zo mu kirere zifunitse:
Ububiko bw'ingufu zo mu kirere zifunitse zirimo guhagarika umwuka ukoresheje compressor ikoreshwa n'amashanyarazi no kuyibika mu buvumo bwo mu kuzimu, mu bigega, cyangwa mu bwato. Iyo amashanyarazi akenewe, umwuka wabitswe wabitswe urekurwa, ugashyuha, kandi ugakoreshwa mu gutwara turbine kubyara amashanyarazi. Ububiko bwo mu kirere bwifunitse busanzwe butanga urugero runini -, uburebure - ubushobozi bwo kubika ingufu zigihe gito, hamwe nibikorwa muri rusange kuva kuri 50% kugeza 70%. Izi mikorere zirashobora kurushaho kunozwa iyo zihujwe na tekinoroji yo kugarura ubushyuhe. Birakwiriye guhuzwa ninganda nini - igipimo cy’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu kugirango zongere imiyoboro ihamye kandi ihamye.
Kubika ingufu za Flywheel:
Ububiko bw'ingufu za Flywheel bukoresha moteri kugirango itware isazi yihuta, ihindura ingufu z'amashanyarazi imbaraga za kinetic zo kubika. Iyo bikenewe, isazi ikoresha generator kugirango ihindure ingufu za kinetic imbaraga mumashanyarazi. Tekinoroji yo kubika ingufu za Flywheel izwiho kwihuta cyane gusubiza (mubisanzwe murwego rwa milisekondi) hamwe nubuzima bwo hejuru cyane (kugeza ku bihumbi magana byizunguruka), bigatuma bikwiranye nigihe gito -, igihe cyo kubika ingufu za -, nko kubika amashanyarazi hamwe no gutanga amashanyarazi adahagarara (UPS). Ububiko bwa Flywheel mubusanzwe bufite ubushobozi bwo guhindura cyane, bugera kuri 85% –95%, ariko igihe cyo kubika ni gito, mubisanzwe bikoreshwa mukuringaniza imbaraga zigihe gito -. Igicapo 1-2 kirerekana igishushanyo mbonera cya sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za flawheheel.
Ikoranabuhanga ryo kubika ingufu z'amashanyarazi
Ububiko bw'amashanyarazi ni tekinoroji ihindura ingufu z'amashanyarazi mu mbaraga za shimi binyuze mu mashanyarazi, kuyibika hanyuma ikayihindura ingufu z'amashanyarazi igihe bikenewe. Intangiriro yacyo ni ukubika no kurekura ingufu binyuze muburyo bwo kwishyuza no gusohora bateri. Ikoreshwa rya tekinoroji ya mashanyarazi rifite ibyiza nkumuvuduko wihuse wihuse, gukora neza, kwishyiriraho byoroshye, hamwe nuburyo bwa moderi, bigatuma bikwiranye na ssenariyo nka gride yingufu zishobora kuvugururwa - guhuza imiyoboro yumurongo, kugenzura - kugenzura ikibaya, no gutanga amashanyarazi yihutirwa. Kugeza ubu, tekinoroji y’amashanyarazi yo kubika ingufu zirimo amashanyarazi ya batiri - acide, nikel - bateri ya hydride ya hydride, bateri ya lithium - ion, bateri ya sodium -, na bateri zitemba, buri kimwe gifite imikorere yacyo idasanzwe, ibintu bishobora gukoreshwa, hamwe n’ubushobozi bwiterambere. Hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu, kubika ingufu z’amashanyarazi bigira uruhare runini mu guhindura imiterere y’ingufu ku isi kandi ni ingwate ikomeye yo kugera kuri karubone isukuye, nkeya -, hamwe na sisitemu y’ingufu zifite umutekano.
Kurongora - Bateri ya aside:
Kurongora - bateri ya aside ni ndende - yashizweho kandi ikoreshwa cyane muburyo bwo kubika ingufu z'amashanyarazi. Ihame ryabo ririmo gukoresha gurşide na oxyde yayo nkibikoresho byiza bya electrode nziza, hamwe na acide sulfurike acide amazi nka electrolyte, kugirango yishyure kandi isohore binyuze mumashanyarazi. Kurongora - bateri ya aside ifite ibyiza nkibiciro byumusaruro muke, tekinoroji ikuze, kwizerwa cyane, hamwe no kurwanya imbaraga zirenze urugero no gusohora -, kandi bikoreshwa cyane muri bateri zitangiza imodoka, kugarura ibikoresho, no kubika ingufu. Nyamara, amashanyarazi - ya batiri ya acide ifite ingufu nke, ubuzima bwikigihe gito, kandi irimo uburozi bwangiza, bushobora kwanduza ibidukikije mugihe bujugunywe nabi. Nubwo bimeze gurtyo, bayobora bat - acide iracyafite umwanya wingenzi mubice bimwe na bimwe, cyane cyane mubiciro - byoroshye. Mu bihe biri imbere, gutunganya ibidukikije bitangiza ibidukikije no kunoza imikorere ya batiri ya - aside bizaba inzira zingenzi ziterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga.
Nickel - Batteri ya Hydride (NiMH):
Batteri ya NiMH ni tekinoroji yo kubika ingufu za electrochemiki ikoresha hydroxide ya nikel nka electrode nziza na nikel hydride nka electrode mbi. Zitanga ibyiza nkubucucike bukabije, kubungabunga ibidukikije, nubuzima burebure. Ugereranije na bateri gakondo, bateri ya NiMH ntabwo ifite ingaruka mbi za chimique zijyanye na kadmium na molybdenum, bigatuma zangiza ibidukikije. Kubwibyo, zikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho byamashanyarazi, ibinyabiziga bivangavanze, hamwe nibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byoroshye. Bafite kandi amafaranga menshi - gusohora neza kandi barashobora gukora neza mubidukikije. Ikintu cyingenzi kiranga bateri ya nikel nubushobozi bwabo burenze urugero kandi hejuru ya - kwihanganira gusohora, bigatuma biba byiza mubisabwa bisaba kwishyurwa kenshi no gusohora. Nubwo izamuka rya batiri ya lithium - ion mu myaka yashize yatumye igabanuka ry’isoko rya bateri ya NiMH, baracyafite umwanya mu bice byihariye bikoreshwa.
Litiyumu - Batteri:
Litiyumu - bateri ni tekinoroji yo kubika ingufu z'amashanyarazi igera ku kwishyuza no gusohora binyuze mu kwinjiza no gukuramo ioni ya lithium hagati ya electrode nziza kandi mbi. Uburemere bworoheje bwa Litiyumu nubucucike bwinshi bwatumye ikoreshwa rya batiri ya lithium - ion mu bikoresho bya elegitoroniki bigendanwa, ibinyabiziga by’amashanyarazi, no kubika ingufu zishobora kubaho. Batteri ya Litiyumu - ion itanga ibyiza nkubuzima burebure bwigihe kirekire kandi nta ngaruka zo kwibuka, ariko kandi bifite impungenge z'umutekano, nko guhunga ubushyuhe buterwa no kwishyurwa hejuru no gusohora -. Iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga, umutekano n’amashanyarazi ya batiri ya lithium - ion ikomeje gutera imbere, mu gihe ibiciro byagabanutse, bituma iba imwe muri bateri zikoreshwa cyane mu kubika ingufu ku isoko muri iki gihe. Mu bihe biri imbere, iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga nka - leta ya electrolytite na silicon - ishingiye kuri anode biteganijwe ko bizarushaho kunoza imikorere y’amashanyarazi n’umutekano wa batiri ya litiro - ion.
Sodium - Batteri:
Sodium - bateri ni tekinoroji nshya yihuta yo kubika ingufu z'amashanyarazi mu myaka yashize. Ihame ryakazi ryabo risa na batiri ya lithium - ion, aho ioni ya lithium ihuza kandi igatandukanya hagati ya electrode nziza kandi mbi yo kwishyuza no gusohora. Ibyiza bya bateri ya sodium - ion biri mubwinshi nigiciro gito cyumutungo wa sodium, hamwe nubwigenge bwabo kubutunzi bwa lithium, bigatuma bikenerwa cyane cyane mububiko bunini bwa -. Nubwo ubwinshi bwingufu zabo buri munsi ya bateri ya lithium - ion, bateri ya sodium - ion yerekana imikorere myiza mubijyanye no guhagarara kwizuba, ubushyuhe buke -, numutekano, byerekana amasezerano akomeye yiterambere ryigihe kizaza. Kugeza ubu, ubushakashatsi kuri bateri ya sodium - ion yibanda ku kuzamura ubwinshi bwingufu, kongera ubuzima bwinzira, no kugabanya ibiciro byinganda. Hamwe niterambere ryiterambere ryikoranabuhanga, bateri ya sodium - ion ziteganijwe kuba kimwe mubisubizo byingenzi kububiko bunini - bubika ingufu mugihe kizaza.
Bateri yatemba:
Bateri zitemba ni tekinoroji yo kubika ingufu za electrochemiki aho electrolyte ibikwa mu kigega cyo hanze. Ihame ryabo ririmo kubika no kurekura ingufu binyuze mumashanyarazi hagati ya electrolytite ebyiri zitandukanye muri bateri. Ikintu cyingenzi kiranga bateri zitemba nimbaraga zabo zishobora kwigenga nimbaraga zisohoka; ubushobozi bwo kubika burashobora kwagurwa mukongera umubare wa electrolyte wabitswe, bigatuma bikenerwa cyane kubunini bunini -, uburebure - igihe cyo kubika ingufu zikoreshwa. Ubwoko busanzwe bwa bateri zitemba zirimo bateri ya vanadium redox itemba na bateri ya zinc / bromine. Bateri zitemba zitanga igihe kirekire, umutekano mwiza, hamwe n’ibidukikije, ariko ishoramari ryabo rya mbere ni ryinshi, kandi sisitemu ya batiri iragoye. Hamwe niterambere ryikoranabuhanga, ubushobozi bwa bateri zitemba mububiko bunini - ububiko bwingufu bugenda bugaragara buhoro buhoro, cyane cyane muburyo bwo kongera ingufu za gride hamwe no gukoresha imiyoboro ya gride.