Ihame ryakazi rya bateri zibika ingufu
Anbateri yo kubika ingufuni igikoresho gihindura kandi kibika ingufu hagati yingufu zamashanyarazi ningufu za chimique. Mugihe cyo gusohora, ingufu za chimique zihinduka ingufu zamashanyarazi; mugihe cyo kwishyuza, ingufu z'amashanyarazi zisubizwa mumbaraga za chimique zo kubika. Electrode nziza kandi mbi muri bateri ikozwe mubikoresho bitandukanye. Iyo electrolyte imwe yinjizwemo, electrode zombi zizashiraho ubushobozi bwa electrode yazo, nkuko bigaragazwa numurongo wacitse ABCD ku gishushanyo 1-4 (umwanya uri hagati yumurongo ucagaguye na electrode ugereranya amashanyarazi abiri yashizweho). Itandukaniro mubushobozi bwa electrode iringaniye hagati ya electrode nziza nibibi bigize ingufu za bateri (EMF) E.
Igicapo 14 Igishushanyo mbonera cyamahame yakazi ya bateri yo kubika ingufu
Iyo electrode nziza kandi itari nziza ihujwe numutwaro wo hanze, ibikoresho byiza bya electrode byunguka electron kandi bikagira ingaruka zo kugabanuka, bikabyara cathodic polarisation, bityo bikagabanya ubushobozi bwa electrode nziza; ibikoresho bibi bya electrode bitakaza electroni hanyuma ikagira reaction ya okiside, ikabyara anodic polarisation, bityo bikazamura ubushobozi bwa electrode mbi. Kumuzunguruko wo hanze, electron ziva muri electrode mbi igana kuri electrode nziza, icyerekezo rero kigezweho kiva kuri electrode nziza ikagera kuri electrode mbi. Muri electrolyte, ihererekanyabubasha ribaho binyuze muri ion igenda, bityo icyerekezo kigezweho mumuzunguruko w'imbere kiva kuri electrode mbi ikagera kuri electrode nziza. Mugihe cyo gusohora, gukwirakwiza bateri kwerekanwa nimirongo yacitse A'B'C'D 'mumashusho 1 - 4. Inzira yose ikora ifunga ryuzuye rifunze, ryemerera okiside no kugabanya reaction kuri electrode ikomeza ubudahwema, bityo bigatuma imiyoboro ikomeza gutembera mumuzinga ufunze. Iyo bateri ikora, reaction ya electrochemicique itanga ingufu z'amashanyarazi kuri electrode yitwa reaction-reaction reaction, naho ibintu bitabira ibyo bitekerezo byitwa ibikoresho bifatika.
Inzira yo kwishyuza ya bateri mubyukuri ihindura inzira yo gusohora. Mugihe cyo kwishyuza, okiside iba kuri electrode nziza, mugihe kugabanuka bibaho kuri electrode mbi; icyarimwe, icyerekezo cyo kwimuka kwa ion muri electrolyte gihabanye nicyo mugihe cyo gusohora, kandi ingufu zituruka hanze zirenze ingufu za batiri zafunguye - voltage yumuzunguruko urasabwa gutwara iyi nzira yo guhindura imiti, nkuko bigaragazwa numurongo wacitse A "B" C "D" mumashusho 1-4.
Kugira ngo byoroherezwe guhindura ingufu za chimique mu mbaraga z'amashanyarazi, inzira ya redox iboneka muri bateri yo kubika ingufu iratandukanye cyane na reaction ya redox isanzwe. Muri bateri, inzira zo gutakaza electron (okiside) no kubona electron (kugabanya) zigomba gutandukana mubice bitandukanye. Byongeye kandi, electron zigomba kunyura mumuzunguruko wo hanze mugihe ibice bikora bigira uruhare mubitekerezo. Ibi bintu bibiri byingenzi bitandukanya uburyo bwa redox muri bateri na reaction isanzwe yimiti ya redox na micro - reaction ya selile mubintu bya ruswa yamashanyarazi.
Ibigize bateri zibika ingufu
Batiri yibanze yo kubika ingufu igomba kuba irimo ibintu bine byingenzi: electrode, electrolyte, itandukanya, hamwe na batiri.
electrode
Electrode, nkibice byingenzi bigize bateri, igabanijwemo electrode nziza kandi mbi, ahanini igizwe nibikoresho bikora hamwe nuburyo bwo kuyobora. Muri byo, ibikoresho bikora bitanga ingufu z'amashanyarazi binyuze mumiti ya reaction mugihe cyo gusohora bateri, kandi nikintu nyamukuru kigena imikorere ya bateri. Ibikoresho bifatika ahanini birakomeye, ariko birashobora no kubaho nkamazi cyangwa gaze.
Ibikoresho bifatika bigira uruhare rukomeye mumikorere rusange ya bateri, bityo rero mubisanzwe bifite ibisabwa bikurikira: material Ibikoresho byiza bya electrode bigomba kuba bifite ubushobozi buhanitse, mugihe ibikoresho bya electrode bibi bigomba gukomeza ubushobozi buke, kugirango barebe ko bateri ishobora kubyara ingufu nini zikoresha amashanyarazi; Materials Ibikoresho bifatika bigomba kugira amashanyarazi meza, ni ukuvuga ko bagomba kwitabira byoroshye inzira ya redox; Components Ibigize bifatika bigomba kugira ubushobozi bwihariye kuburemere nubunini; Materials Ibikoresho bifatika bigomba kugira imiterere ihamye yimiti mubisubizo bya electrolyte, kandi igipimo cya - cyo guseswa kigomba kuba gito gishoboka; Materials Ibikoresho bifatika bigomba kugira ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bihanitse; ⑥ Ukurikije ubukungu niterambere rirambye, ibikoresho byiza bigomba kuba umutungo wuzuye kandi uhendutse kwisi; Materials Ibikoresho bifatika nabyo bigomba kutagira ingaruka kubuzima bwabantu nibidukikije.
Kuzuza ibipimo byose byavuzwe haruguru kubintu bifatika birakomeye; kubwibyo, gutekereza neza birakenewe muguhitamo ibikoresho bifatika. Kugeza ubu, ibikoresho bya cathode bikoreshwa cyane ni oxyde de metal, nka dioxyde de gurş, dioxyde de manganese, na nikel oxyde, ndetse na ogisijeni iva mu kirere. Kubikoresho bya anode, hatoranijwe urutonde rwibyuma byangiza imiti, nka zinc, gurş, kadmium, fer, lithium, na sodium.
Igikorwa cyurwego rwo kuyobora ni uguhuza ibikoresho bifatika kumuzunguruko wo hanze no kwemeza ko ikwirakwizwa ryuzuye. Ifasha kandi ibikoresho bifatika. Uburyo bwiza bwo kuyobora bugomba kugira imbaraga zubukanishi, imiterere ihanitse yimiti, kutarwanya imbaraga, hamwe no gutunganya neza.
amashanyarazi
Igikorwa cyibanze cya electrolyte nugukora neza ion itwara neza hagati ya electrode nziza kandi mbi, ikora umurimo wo gutwara ion. Rimwe na rimwe, irashobora kandi kwitabira reaction ya electrochemic. Kuri electrolyte ikoreshwa muri bateri, imikorere yayo igomba kuba yujuje ibi bikurikira: should Igomba kugira imiterere ihamye yimiti kugirango irinde ingufu za elegitoroniki yimikorere hagati ya electrolyte nibikoresho bikora mugihe cyo kubika, bityo bikagabanya ubwikorezi -; ② Igomba kugira amashanyarazi menshi. Ibigize electrolyte biratandukanye muburyo butandukanye bwa bateri, kandi mubisanzwe, ibisubizo byamazi ya acide, alkalis, cyangwa umunyu hamwe nubushobozi buhebuje byatoranijwe nka electrolyte. Nyamara, tekinolojiya mishya mishya irashobora gukoresha ibikoresho bishya nka organic solvent electrolytite, electrolytite yumunyu ushonga, cyangwa electrolytite ikomeye.
kwigunga
Gutandukanya, bizwi kandi nka membrane cyangwa ibice, bishyirwa hagati ya electrode nziza kandi mbi ya bateri. Igikorwa cyayo nyamukuru nugukumira itumanaho ritaziguye hagati ya electrode, ishobora kuganisha kumurongo muto. Ibikorwa byibanze bisabwa kubatandukanya harimo: ① kuba insuliranteri nziza ya elegitoronike kugirango wirinde imiyoboro migufi y'imbere; ② kugira imbaraga nke zo kwimuka kwa ion muri electrolyte, bityo bikagabanya imbaraga zimbere yibikoresho byose kandi bikagabanya cyane gutakaza ingufu mugihe kiri hejuru - ③ gutunga imiti ihamye, kurwanya ruswa ya electrolyte hamwe na redox reaction yibikoresho bikora bya electrode; ④ kugira imbaraga zihagije zo gukanika no kunama kugirango ihagarike neza gukura kwa dendrite no gukumira uduce duto duto twinjira muri membrane; ⑤ Urebye ibintu byubukungu, bigomba kuboneka byoroshye kandi bihendutse.
Ibikoresho bisanzwe bitandukanya birimo impapuro, ipamba, plastike ya microporome, reberi ya microporome, selile hydrata, imyenda ya nylon, na fibre y'ibirahure, nibindi.
Amashanyarazi
Ikariso ya batiri, izwi kandi nka kontineri ya batiri, nubwoko bwonyine bwa batiri muri bateri zibika ingufu zisanzwe aho zinc electrode nayo ikora. Ibinyuranye, ubundi bwoko bwa bateri bukunda gukoresha ibikoresho byihariye byo kubikoresha hanze aho gukoresha ibikoresho ubwabyo. Ikariso nziza ya batiri igomba kuba ifite imiterere yubukanishi, kwihanganira kunyeganyega no guhinda umushyitsi, kuguma ihagaze neza mugihe cyubushyuhe bukabije, kandi ikarwanya ruswa ituruka kuri electrolyte. Mubimenyerezo, ibikoresho nkibyuma, plastike, na reberi ikomeye bikoreshwa cyane nkibikoresho bya batiri bitewe nibyiza byabo.