Ibikoresho bya cathode nisoko yambere ya lithium ion muri alithium - bateri. Mugihe cyo kwishyuza, lithium ion ikurwa mubintu bya cathode ya kristu ya kirisiti hanyuma ikinjira mubintu bya anode; ibinyuranye bibaho mugihe cyo gusohora. Ubushobozi budasubirwaho hamwe na voltage plateau yibikoresho bya cathode mugihe cyo kwishyuza no gusohora ahanini byerekana ubwinshi bwingufu za litiro - ion. Byongeye kandi, kubera ko ibikoresho bya cathode birimo ibyuma nka lithium, cobalt, na nikel, bigize igice cyingenzi cyibiciro bya batiri ya litiro - ion.
Gutezimbere ibikoresho bya cathode bifite ingufu nyinshi, imbaraga nyinshi zisohoka, ubuzima bwa serivisi ndende, no koroshya guhimba bifite akamaro kanini. Ibikoresho byiza bya cathode bigomba kuba byujuje ibi bikurikira.
(1) Afite ubushobozi buke bwa redox, yemeza ko ingufu nyinshi zisohoka kuri bateri.
(2) Irashobora kwakira ion nyinshi za lithium zishoboka, ikemeza ubushobozi bwa bateri nyinshi.
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(6) Ntigomba gusa kuba ifite igiciro gito hamwe na synthesis yoroheje, ariko igomba no kwerekana ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije.
Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho bya cathode bigomba kandi kwerekana amashanyarazi meza kandi yumuriro.
Ibikoresho bya cathode biriho birashobora kugabanywa mubyiciro bitatu ukurikije imiterere yabyo itandukanye: structure imiterere itandukanye, nka lithium cobalt oxyde (LiCoO2) nibikoresho bya ternary (LiNiCo, Mni - x - yO2); Structure imiterere ya olivine, nka fosifate ya lithium fer (LiFePO4); Oxide ya spinel imiterere, nka lithium manganese oxyde (LiMn2O4) na lithium nikel manganese oxyde (LiNi10.5Mn1.5O4). Ubwoko butandukanye bwa cathodes bufite ingufu zitandukanye, ibiranga amashanyarazi, nibiciro, amaherezo bigatuma bikwiranye nimirima itandukanye hamwe nibisabwa. Ibikoresho bya cathode byerekeranye nibikoresho bya cathode bifite imiterere ya microcrystalline, cyane cyane harimo lithium cobalt oxyde, lithium nikel cobalt manganese oxyde, na lithium - oxyde ya manganese. Muri byo, lithium cobalt oxyde na lithium nikel cobalt manganese oxyde kuri ubu ni ibikoresho bya cathode bikoreshwa cyane muri bateri ya lithium - ion mu bikoresho bya elegitoroniki ya digitale na batiri ya lithium - ion. Barangwa nubucucike bukabije, imikorere yizunguruka nziza, nibikorwa byiza muri rusange, ariko umubare munini wibyuma nka nikel, cobalt, na manganese biganisha kumafaranga menshi.
Litiyumu cobalt oxyde cathode ibikoresho
Litiyumu cobalt oxyde (LiCoO2) yavumbuwe n’umuhanga w’umunyamerika n’uwahawe igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel muri Chimie, JB Goodenough, kandi igurishwa bwa mbere na Sony Corporation y’Ubuyapani mu myaka ya za 90. No muri iki gihe, lithium cobalt oxyde ikomeza kuba kimwe mu bikoresho bya cathode bifite ingufu nyinshi cyane. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ikoreshwa cyane mubicuruzwa bya selile ya pisine bisaba ingufu zingana cyane, nka terefone igendanwa, amasaha yubwenge, hamwe na Headet ya Bluetooth.
Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), as one of the earliest commercially available cathode materials, possesses a volumetric energy density unmatched by other cathode materials. Electrodes prepared from LiCoO2 can achieve a compaction density exceeding 4.2 g/cm², and a specific capacity of 185 mA·h/g at high voltage (>4.45V). Byongeye kandi, LiCoO2 yerekana uburyo bwiza bwo gukoresha ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki na ionic, gukoresha ingufu, kandi byihuse - biranga kwishyuza, byujuje ibisabwa na bateri zikoresha ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bigezweho bityo bikagira uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha. Ukurikije iyi mitungo, LiCoO2 ikomeje kuba kimwe mubikoresho byiza bya cathode kugeza ubu.
Uburyo bukuru bwa synthesis ya lithium cobalt oxyde harimo - ubushyuhe bukomeye - synthesis ya leta, sol - gel synthesis, hamwe na - ubushyuhe bukabije. Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru - bukomeye - leta ya synthesis ikubiyemo kuvanga umunyu wa lithium na cobalt - irimo okiside cyangwa hydroxide mu kigereranyo cyihariye cya stoichiometric, hanyuma ukabara imvange ku bushyuhe bukwiye mugihe runaka, ugakurikirwa no gukonjesha, guhindagurika, no gushungura kugirango ubone icyitegererezo. Nubwo uburyo bwo hejuru - ubushyuhe bukomeye - uburyo bwa synthesis ya leta bukoreshwa cyane mubikorwa byinganda, ni igihe - gikoresha, gisaba ubushyuhe bwinshi bwa synthesis, kandi gitanga ifu nini, itaringaniye hamwe ifu imwe itandukanijwe na stoichiometric, bigatuma igiciro cyiyongera cyane.
Ibikoresho bya fosifate
Mu 1997, Goodenough n'abandi. icyifuzo cya mbere cya lithium fer fosifate (LiFePO4) nkibikoresho bya cathode ya batiri ya litiro - ion.
Bitewe nigiciro cyayo gito, imiterere ihamye, numutekano muke, ibi bikoresho byahindutse kimwe mubikoresho bya cathode byatoranijwe kuri bateri ya lithium - ion muri bisi zamashanyarazi na sisitemu yo kubika ingufu.
Litiyumu ya fosifate (LiFePO4) isangiye imiterere isa na kirisiti hamwe na sisitemu ya kirisiti hamwe na fosifate y'icyuma (FePO4). Ibi bivuze ko ibikoresho bigira impinduka nkeya mugihe cya lithium - ion kwinjiza / gukuramo, bikarinda neza kwangirika kwa latike guterwa no kwaguka cyangwa kugabanuka. Ikigeretse kuri ibyo, iyi miterere ituma habaho amashanyarazi meza hagati yingingo ninyongeramusaruro, bikavamo guhagarara neza kwinzira no kuramba. Byongeye kandi, fosifate ya lithium izwi cyane kubera kubungabunga ibidukikije, igiciro - gukora neza, umutekano uhebuje, ubushobozi bwihariye (hafi mA · h / g), hamwe na platifike ihamye / isohoka. Urebye ibyo byiza, fosifate ya lithium ifatwa nkuguhitamo kwiza kubikoresho bya cathode nini nini - igipimo cyo kubika ingufu.
Uburyo bukubiyemo sol - gel ikora, tekinoroji ya coprecipitation, hamwe na hydrothermal synthesis. By'umwihariko, hydrothermal synthesis itanga umusaruro ugenewe muri autoclave mukongera ubushyuhe numuvuduko, ukoresheje ibyuma byoroshye, lithium, na fosifore nkibikoresho fatizo. Ubu buryo buzwiho imikorere yoroheje, ingano ntoya kandi imwe, hamwe no gukoresha ingufu nke. Nyamara, ifite aho igarukira ku musaruro w’inganda, cyane cyane bitewe no gukenera ibikoresho byabigenewe bidasanzwe -. Ku rundi ruhande, gukoporora, bikorwa muri sisitemu yo gukemura, aho morphologie ibanziriza iyibasiwe nimpamvu zitandukanye nko kwibanda, kugenzura ubushyuhe, guhinduranya pH, nigipimo gikurura. Urebye uruhare rukomeye ibyo bipimo bigira mubikorwa byanyuma bya LiFePO byacumuye, guhitamo neza imiterere yubushakashatsi ni ngombwa. Ibicuruzwa byateguwe nubu buryo ntibifite gusa imiterere ya microstructure nziza (urugero, ingano ntoya kandi nini) ariko inagaragaza ibintu byiza byamashanyarazi; icyakora, birakwiye ko tumenya ko ibikorwa byose bigoye cyane, kandi ibibazo byo kuyungurura nibibazo byo gucunga imyanda bishobora kuvuka mugihe cyo gutunganya.
Lithium manganese oxyde na lithium - bikungahaye kuri manganese - ibikoresho bya cathode
Lisiyumu ya manganese
Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe na lithium - ibikoresho bya cathode ya batiri, ikindi kintu cyingenzi kandi kiboneka mu bucuruzi cathode ni spinel - yubatswe na lithium manganese oxyde (LiMn₂O₄) cathode yatanzwe na Thackeray n'abandi. muri 1983. Spinel - yubatswe na lithium manganese oxyde ya sisitemu ya cubic sisitemu. Ibigize imiti isanzwe ni LiMn₂O₄. Mu miterere ya kirisitu ya LiMn₂O₄, ogisijeni iri mu maso - hagati ya cubic yegeranye - yubatswe, mu gihe manganese na ogisijeni bigize octahedral, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo gikurikira.
Manganese ni nyinshi muri kamere, kandi tekinike yo gutegura spinel - ubwoko bwa lithium manganese oxyde (LiMn2O4) yerekana ibintu bitandukanye. Inzira ya synthesis hamwe nubuhanga bwo gutunganya ibikoresho bigira ingaruka muburyo butaziguye microstructure hamwe niterambere ryibicuruzwa byanyuma. Kubwibyo, guhindura imikorere ya synthesis ningirakamaro mugutezimbere amashanyarazi yimikorere yibikoresho bya electrode mubikorwa bifatika. Kugeza ubu, inganda na za kaminuza zikoresha cyane ubwoko bubiri bwingenzi bwuburyo bwo gutegura LiMn2O4: bumwe bushingiye ku mikoranire hagati y’ibikoresho fatizo bikomeye, nka - ubushyuhe bukabije - reaction ya leta, microwave - ifasha synthesis, hamwe no kuvura inda mu itangazamakuru ryumunyu ushonga.
Ikindi cyiciro kirimo guhinduranya imiti mubidukikije byamazi, hamwe nurugero rusanzwe harimo sol - gel tekinoroji, hydrothermal synthesis, hamwe na tekinoroji ya coprecipitation. LiMnzO4 yitabiriwe n'abantu benshi kubera inyungu zayo, ihindagurika ryiza ry’umuriro, kurwanya ibicuruzwa birenze urugero, hamwe n’ibidukikije byiza. Nyamara, ibi bikoresho bifite inenge mu gusiganwa ku magare no kubika, cyane cyane ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru, aho imikorere y’amagare yangirika ku buryo bugaragara, bigatuma gutakaza ubushobozi budasubirwaho.
lithium - ikungahaye kuri manganese - ishingiye
Usibye okiside ya lithium manganese, litiyumu - ikungahaye kuri manganese - ibikoresho bishingiye ku bantu byashimishije abantu benshi nk'ibikoresho bya cathode bigenda bigaragara kuri batiri ya litiro -.
Uburyo bwo gutegura lithium - manganese ikungahaye - ibikoresho bya cathode birimo uburyo bukomeye - uburyo bwa leta, sol - uburyo bwa gel, hamwe nuburyo bwa -. Uburyo bukomeye - uburyo bwa leta burimo kuvanga mu buryo butaziguye okiside yicyuma na karubone yicyuma cyangwa hydroxide yicyuma mugice runaka, hagakurikiraho ubushyuhe bukabije - ubushyuhe bukomeye - reaction ya leta kugirango ibone litiyumu - ibikoresho bikize. Ibyiza byuburyo bukomeye - uburyo bwa leta nubushobozi bwayo bwo guhuza ibintu byinshi bya lithium lay - ibikoresho bikungahaye, uburyo bworoshye bwo gutegura, hamwe nigiciro gito. Ingaruka ni coefficient de diffuzione ikabije mugihe gikomeye - gucumura kwa leta, no kuba ibyuma byinzibacyuho bitandukanye bifite igipimo cyogukwirakwiza muburyo bukomeye - reaction ya leta, bigatuma bigoye ko ibice bikwirakwira bihagije. Kubwibyo, uburinganire bwibintu byakoreshejwe ni bibi, bigira ingaruka kumikorere ya cathode. Uburyo bwa - gel burimo kubanza kongeramo umuti wicyuma cyumunyu winjizamo integer kugirango ube sol, hanyuma ugahumeka amazi kugirango ube gel, hanyuma ukuma hanyuma ukabibara kugirango ubone litiyumu - ibikoresho bikungahaye. Ubu buryo butanga ibikoresho bifite isaranganya rimwe hamwe nubuziranenge bwinshi, kandi electrode yakozwe yerekana imikorere myiza yamashanyarazi. Nyamara, ibibi byayo birimo uruziga rurerure rwo guhimba, gukenera kwinjiza byinshi (acide organic cyangwa Ethylene glycol), bikavamo ibiciro byinshi. Byongeye kandi, lithium yakozwe igizwe - ibikoresho bikungahaye ahanini ni nano / micron ibice bifite ubucucike buke. Kubwibyo, ubu buryo bukoreshwa cyane cyane muri laboratoire yo guhimba litiyumu - ibikoresho bikungahaye kandi biragoye kubicuruza.
Hejuru - nikel cathode ibikoresho
Abashakashatsi bamaze igihe kinini bashakisha hejuru - ihindagurika ryubushyuhe no gukora neza cyane nkintego zambere mugihe batezimbere cathode
ibikoresho bya litiro - bateri. Mu bikoresho bitatu by'ingenzi - LiCoO₂, LiNi₁ₓ₋ᵧCoₓMnᵧO₂ (NCM), na LiFePO₄ - NCM ifatwa nk'imwe mu bikoresho bya cathode byizewe cyane bitewe n'ubushobozi bwayo bwihariye, igiciro gito cy'ibicuruzwa bito, umutekano urenze ugereranije na LiCoO₂, hamwe n'ibidukikije byiza ndetse n'ibiciro byiza kuruta ibikoresho gakondo.
Ubu bwoko bwibikoresho bufite - NaFeO₂ - ubwoko bwa kristu yubatswe kandi ni iyitsinda R - 3m. Iki gitekerezo cyatanzwe bwa mbere na Liu n'abandi. muri 1999. Ihuza neza ubuhanga bwibikoresho bitatu bya cathode - lithium cobalt oxyde (LiCoO₂), lisiyumu nikel oxyde (LiNiO₂), na lisiyumu manganese oxyde (LiMnO₂) - kandi ikishyura neza ibitagenda neza muri buri kintu (nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 5-6). Muguhindura igipimo cyibintu byinzibacyuho, uburinganire bwiza mubushobozi bwihariye, imikorere yizunguruka, umutekano, nigiciro birashobora kugerwaho kurushaho.
Imiterere ya kristu ya lithium nikel cobalt manganese oxyde (NCM) ya ternary cathode yibikoresho ahanini ni nkibya LiCoO2, byombi bikaba byubatswe muburyo butandatu.
