Kimwe mu bintu byingenzi biranga imikorere yabateri zibika ingufuni imikorere yabo. Kugirango urangire imyitwarire yo gusohora ya bateri mubihe bitandukanye, birakenewe gupima umurongo wa batiri isohoka, ubusanzwe ni umurongo werekana ihinduka ryumuriro wa voltage mugihe. Imiterere itandukanye yo gusohora irangwa ningamba zo gusohora, kandi ingamba zitandukanye zo gusohora zizavamo gutandukana gutandukanye. Ingamba zo gusohora mubisanzwe zirimo uburyo bwo gusohora, gusohora amashanyarazi, guhagarika ingufu, hamwe nubushyuhe bwibidukikije.
Uburyo bwo gusezerera
Hariho uburyo butatu bateri ishobora gusohora: gusohora buri gihe, gusohora guhoraho, no gusohora ingufu. Imirongo isanzwe isohoka irerekanwa mumashusho 1-5, yerekana impinduka zumuvuduko wogusohora, voltage, nimbaraga mugihe cyo gusohora muri ubu buryo butatu bwo gusohora.
Mugihe cyo guhora - gusohora, imbaraga za bateri ikora hamwe nisohoka bigenda bigabanuka buhoro buhoro mugihe. Muri ubwo buryo ,, mugihe gihoraho - isohoka ryubu, voltage ikora nayo iragabanuka uko inzira yo gusohora ikomeza. Uku kugabanuka kwa voltage ikora hamwe nigihe kinini cyo gusohora biterwa no kwiyongera kwimbere ya bateri imbere. Byongeye kandi, hamwe no gukoresha ingufu za batiri mubikoresho byamashanyarazi, ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi, nibindi bikorwa, guhora - gusohora amashanyarazi bigenda bigaragara. Mugihe gihoraho - gusohora amashanyarazi, ingufu za bateri zikomeza kugabanuka mugihe imyuka isohoka ikomeza kwiyongera uko gusohora gutera.
Gusohora amashanyarazi
Mugihe cyo gukora bateri, ibyasohotse bisohoka byitwa gusohora ibintu. Umuyoboro usohoka nawo bakunze kwitwa igipimo cyo gusohora, kandi akenshi ugaragazwa ukoresheje igipimo cyisaha (nanone kizwi nkigipimo cyisaha) hamwe na kugwiza.
Igipimo cyo gusohora bivuga igipimo bateri isohora, gipimirwa mugihe cyo gusohora. By'umwihariko, ni igihe gisabwa cyo kurekura byimazeyo ubushobozi bwa bateri ukoresheje umuyoboro wihariye wo gusohora, ubusanzwe ugaragara mumasaha (h). Kurugero, kuri bateri ifite ubushobozi bwapimwe bwamasaha 10 amp - (A · h), niba isohotse hamwe numuyoboro wa 2A, igipimo cyo gusohora kijyanye ni amasaha 5 (10A · h / 2A =5 h), bivuze ko bateri isohoka kumasaha 5.
Igipimo cyo gusohora bivuga agaciro kagezweho, kugaragazwa nkubushobozi bwinshi bwa bateri yagenwe, mugihe ubushobozi bwa bateri bwuzuye burekuwe byuzuye mugihe runaka. Kurugero, gusohora 2C bivuze ko isohoka ryikubye kabiri ubushobozi bwa bateri yagereranijwe, mubisanzwe bigereranywa na 2C (aho C igereranya ubushobozi bwa bateri). Kuri bateri ifite ubushobozi buke bwa 10A · h, 2C isohoka (hano hari ikibazo gipima hano, ni ukuvuga, ibice byubushobozi hamwe nubu ntibisanzwe, ariko ibi nibisanzwe bikoreshwa, ntabwo rero bizahinduka) bivuze ko imyuka isohoka ari 2 x 10=20 (A), bihuye nigipimo cya 0.5h. Ubwoko butandukanye n'ibishushanyo bya bateri bifite uburyo butandukanye bwo guhuza n'imiterere yo gusohora: bimwe bikwiranye no gusohora hasi -, mugihe izindi zikora neza kumuyaga mwinshi. Mubisanzwe, ibipimo byo gusohora munsi cyangwa bingana na 0.5C byitwa ibiciro biri hasi; ibyo hagati ya 0.5C na 3.5C byitwa igipimo giciriritse; abo hagati ya 3.5C na 7C bita ibiciro biri hejuru; naho abarenga 7C bita ultra {{20} rates ibiciro biri hejuru.
Umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi
Mugihe cyo gusohora bateri, agaciro ka voltage yambere isobanurwa nkigikorwa cyo gutangira gukora; iyo voltage igabanutse kurugero aho ibindi bisohoka bitagikwiye, iyi voltage point yitwa guhagarika voltage. Agaciro kihariye kiyi voltage yo guhagarika ubusanzwe ishyirwaho nipimisha hashingiwe kubisabwa byukuri hamwe nuburambe bwashize.
Gushiraho guhagarika voltage biratandukana bitewe nuburyo butandukanye bwo gusohora ningaruka zabyo mubushobozi bwa bateri nigihe cyo kubaho. Umuvuduko wo hasi wanyuma ukoreshwa mubisanzwe - ahantu h’ubushyuhe buke cyangwa munsi yubushyuhe bwo hejuru -, mugihe amashanyarazi arenze urugero asanzwe ashyirwa munsi ya -. Ni ukubera ko polarisiyasi hagati ya electrode ya batiri yiyongera cyane mugihe cy'ubushyuhe buke - cyangwa hejuru ya - isohoka ryubu, bikavamo gukoresha neza ibikoresho bikora hamwe nigabanuka ryihuta rya voltage. Kubwibyo, kugabanya bikwiye guhagarika voltage bifasha kurekura ingufu nyinshi. Ibinyuranye, mugihe ukoresheje - isohoka ryubu, ibice bikora muri bateri bikoreshwa cyane. Muri iki gihe, kongera ingufu za voltage kugirango ugabanye gusohora cyane birashobora kwagura neza igihe cyose bateri.
Ubushyuhe bwibidukikije
Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo 1-6, ubushyuhe bwibidukikije bugira ingaruka zikomeye kumurongo wo gusohora. Ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru, umurongo wo gusohora werekana icyerekezo cyoroheje; ariko, uko ubushyuhe bugabanuka, iyi mpinduka igenda ikomera. Impamvu yibanze nuko ubushyuhe buke, igipimo cyimuka cya ion kigabanuka, bigatuma kwiyongera kwa ohmic imbere. Mugihe gikabije, niba ubushyuhe buri hasi cyane, electrolyte irashobora gukonja, bityo bikabuza inzira isanzwe ya bateri. Byongeye kandi, ku bushyuhe bwo hasi, polarisiyumu yamashanyarazi hamwe na polarisiyasi yibintu byongerewe imbaraga, bikarushaho kwihuta kwangirika kwumurongo uva.
Igishushanyo 1 - 6 Gusohora umurongo wa bateri ya aside-aside ku bushyuhe butandukanye bw’ibidukikije
Ubushobozi nubushobozi bwihariye
Ubushobozi bwa bateri bivuga umubare w'amashanyarazi ashobora kuboneka muri bateri mugihe runaka cyo gusohora. Igice gikunze kugaragara nka ampere - isaha (Ah). Ukurikije uko ibintu bimeze, ubushobozi bwa bateri burashobora kugabanywa mubushobozi bwa theoretical, ubushobozi nyabwo, hamwe nubushobozi bwagenwe.
Ubushobozi bwa Theoretical (Co) bivuga umubare w'amashanyarazi ashobora gutangwa mubihe byiza mugihe ibikoresho bifatika bigira uruhare runini mumashanyarazi ya batiri. Agaciro kabaruwe hashingiwe ku bwinshi bwibikoresho bifatika, ukurikiza amategeko ya Faraday. Amategeko ya Faraday avuga ko hari isano itaziguye hagati yimbaga yibikoresho byitabira reaction kuri electrode n'amafaranga yohereza; iyo mol 1 yibikoresho bifatika igira uruhare mubikorwa byamashanyarazi ya batiri, irashobora kurekura amafaranga ahwanye na 26.8 A · h cyangwa farad 1 (F). Kubwibyo, formula ikurikira yo kubara irahari:
Muri formula, m nuburemere bwibintu bikora iyo byitwaye neza; n numubare wa electron zungutse cyangwa zabuze mugihe cyo gutembera; na M ni misa ya misa yibintu bikora.
Muri formula, K yitwa amashanyarazi ahwanye nibintu bikora.
Nkuko bigaragara mu kuringaniza (1.5), ubushobozi bwa theoretical ya electrode ifitanye isano nuburemere bwibikoresho bikora hamwe na electrochemic bihwanye. Hamwe na misa imwe yibikoresho bifatika, ntoya ya electrochemic ihwanye nayo, nubushobozi bwa theoretical. Amashanyarazi ahwanye nibikoresho bimwe na bimwe bya electrode bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 1-3.
Imbonerahamwe 1-3 Amashanyarazi ahwanye nibikoresho bimwe na bimwe bya electrode
| Ibikoresho bibi bya electrode | Ubucucike (g / cm³) | Ubushobozi bwihariye (mA · h / g) | Ibikoresho byiza bya electrode | Ubucucike (g / cm³) | Ubushobozi bwihariye (mA · h / g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H₂ | - | 0.037 | O₂ | - | 0.30 |
| Li | 0.534 | 0.259 | SOCl₂ | 1.63 | 2.22 |
| Mg | 0.74 | 0.454 | AgO | 7.4 | 2.31 |
| Al | 2.699 | 0.335 | SO₂ | 1.37 | 2.38 |
| Fe | 7.85 | 1.04 | MnO₂ | 5.0 | 3.24 |
| Zn | 7.1 | 1.22 | NiOOH | 7.4 | 3.42 |
| Cd | 8.65 | 2.10 | Ag₂O | 7.1 | 4.33 |
| (Li) Cl₂ | 2.25 | 2.68 | PbO₂ | 9.3 | 4.45 |
| Pb | 11.34 | 3.87 | I₂ | 4.94 | 4.73 |
Mubyongeyeho, imyumvire yubushobozi nyabwo nubushobozi bwapimwe ikoreshwa kenshi. Ubushobozi nyabwo bivuga umubare w'amashanyarazi bateri ishobora gutanga mugihe cyihariye cyo gusohora. Ubushobozi nyabwo ntibugarukira gusa ku gaciro ntarengwa gusa ariko nanone nuburyo bwihariye bwo gusohora.
Ubushobozi bugereranijwe, kurundi ruhande, ni igipimo gisanzwe cya bateri mugihe cyo gushushanya no gukora; ni ukuvuga, ubushobozi buke bwo gusohora bateri igomba kugeraho mugihe cyagenwe cyo gusohora, bizwi kandi nkubushobozi bwizina.
Iyo ugereranije ubwoko butandukanye bwa bateri murwego rumwe, ubushobozi bwihariye bukoreshwa mugusuzuma. By'umwihariko, ubushobozi bwihariye bwerekeza ku mubare w'amashanyarazi bateri ishobora gutanga kuri misa imwe cyangwa ingano, ni ukuvuga ubushobozi bwihariye (Ah / kg) n'ubushobozi bwihariye (Ah / L). Ni ngombwa kumenya ko mugihe ubara ubwinshi nubunini bwa bateri, usibye gusuzuma ibikoresho bya electrode na electrolyte, ibindi bice bya batiri nabyo bigomba kwitabwaho, nkibikoresho, gutandukanya, nibindi bikoresho bifitanye isano. Cyane cyane kuri bateri yo kubika na selile ya lisansi, ubwinshi nubunini burimo kandi ibikoresho byose byingirakamaro nkenerwa, nkibigega byo kubika amazi, ibikoresho byo gukora (kuri bateri zibika), cyangwa sisitemu yo kubika ibikoresho no gutanga ibikoresho, sisitemu yo kugenzura, ibice bishyushya, nibindi (kuri selile lisansi).
Mugutangiza igitekerezo cyubushobozi bwihariye, turashobora kugereranya imikorere ya bateri yubwoko butandukanye nubunini. Ubushobozi bwa Batteri bugabanijwe mubushobozi bwa theoretical n'ubushobozi nyabwo; bihuye, ubushobozi bwihariye nabwo bufite ibintu bifatika kandi bifatika.
Ingufu nimbaraga zihariye
Ingufu za Batteri bivuga ingufu zose zamashanyarazi zikoreshwa na bateri mugihe ukora akazi mubihe byihariye byo gusohora, bikunze kugaragara mumasaha ya watt - (W · h). Ingufu za Batteri nazo zifite imbaraga zamahame nimbaraga nyazo.
Dufate ko bateri ikomeza kuringaniza mugihe cyo gusohora kandi voltage yayo isohoka ihora ingana nimbaraga zayo zikoresha amashanyarazi, kandi ukeka ko ibikoresho byose bigira uruhare mubikorwa bya chimique, noneho ingufu zitangwa na bateri zigomba kuba zingana ningufu zayo ntarengwa Wo.
Ingufu zamahame ya bateri nigikorwa kinini kitari - cyakozwe na bateri munsi yubushyuhe burigihe, umuvuduko uhoraho, nuburyo bwo gusohora bidasubirwaho.
Ingufu nyazo (W) bivuga ingufu zitangwa na bateri mubihe bimwe byo gusohora. Ikomoka kumibare mugwiza ubushobozi nyabwo ikigereranyo cya voltage ikora. Kuberako ibikoresho bikora imbere muri bateri bidashobora gukoreshwa neza, kandi imbaraga zayo zikora mubisanzwe ziri munsi yingufu za electromotive power, ingufu nyazo ziba nkeya kuruta ingufu za theoretical.
Ingufu zihariye zerekeza ku mbaraga zasohowe na bateri kuri buri gice cyangwa ingano yububiko. Ingufu zisohoka kuri buri gice cya bateri zisobanurwa nkimbaraga zidasanzwe, mubisanzwe bipimirwa mumasaha ya watt - kuri kilo (Wh / kg). Ingufu zisohoka mubunini bwa bateri zisobanurwa nkingufu zidasanzwe, mubisanzwe bigaragarira mumasaha ya watt - kuri litiro (Wh / L). Ikigeretse kuri ibyo, igitekerezo cyingufu zihariye kirashobora kugabanywa mubice (W) na nyabyo (W), aho imbaraga za teoretiki imbaraga zishobora kubarwa hakoreshejwe ikigereranyo (1.9):
Muri formula, K + ni amashanyarazi ahwanye nibikoresho byiza bya electrode; K - ni amashanyarazi ahwanye nibikoresho bibi bya electrode; na E nimbaraga za bateri zikoresha amashanyarazi.
Imbaraga n'imbaraga zihariye
Imbaraga za Batiri bivuga ingufu za bateri mugihe cyumwanya mugihe cyo gusohora ibintu, kandi igipimo cyacyo cyo gupima ni watt (W) cyangwa kilowatt (kilowati). Iyo imbaraga zisohoka zifatwa mubijyanye na bateri cyangwa ingano, igitekerezo cyimbaraga zihariye kiboneka. By'umwihariko, imbaraga zidasanzwe zipima umubare watt yingufu zingana na bateri ishobora gutanga, kandi igice cyayo ni W / kg; mugihe imbaraga zidasanzwe zigaragaza imbaraga zitangwa nubunini bwa bateri, kandi igice cyacyo ni W / L.
Imbaraga nimbaraga zihariye byerekana igipimo cyo gusohora bateri. Imbaraga za batiri nyinshi bivuze ko bateri ishobora gusohora hejuru cyane cyangwa hejuru. Kurugero, bateri ya zinc - ifeza irashobora kugera ku mbaraga zihariye zirenga 100 W / kg mugihe zisohotse mugihe giciriritse giciriritse, byerekana imbaraga nke zimbere hamwe nibikorwa byiza byo gusohora -. Ibinyuranye, bateri ya selile yumye ya zinc - irashobora gusa kugera ku mbaraga zihariye za 10 W / kg mugihe ikorera mubucucike buke, byerekana ko irwanya imbere imbere kandi idakora neza -. Kimwe nimbaraga za bateri, imbaraga nazo zifite imbaraga za theoretical nimbaraga nyazo.
Imbaraga za theoretical ya bateri irashobora kugaragazwa nk:
Muri formula, t ni igihe; Co nubushobozi bwa theoretical ya bateri; kandi ndiho ubu.
Imbaraga nyazo za bateri zigomba kuba:
Muri formula, I.2R yerekana imbaraga zikoreshwa na bateri imbere. Izi mbaraga ntacyo zimaze kumutwaro washyizweho; ihindurwamo imbaraga zubushyuhe kandi ikarekurwa nkubushyuhe.
Ubuzima bwinzira
Kuri bateri, ubuzima bwizunguruka, cyangwa imikoreshereze yikizamini, nikimwe mubipimo byingenzi byo gusuzuma imikorere ya bateri. Buri giciro cyuzuye - cycle yo gusohora ifatwa nkigihe cyigihe cya bateri.
Mugihe cyihariye cyishyurwa - uburyo bwo gusohora, umubare wizunguruka bateri irashobora kwihanganira mbere yuko ubushobozi bwayo bugabanuka kugeza ku giciro runaka cyasobanuwe nkubuzima bwacyo cyangwa imikoreshereze yacyo. Igihe kirekire cyizunguruka, niko imikorere ya bateri ikora neza. Ubwoko butandukanye bwa bateri bwerekana ubuzima butandukanye; kurugero, nikel - bateri ya kadmium irashobora kugera ku bihumbi ibihumbi, mugihe zinc - bateri ya feza ifite inzinguzingo nkeya, zimwe ndetse zikaba zitageze no ku ijana. Birakwiye ko tumenya ko na bateri zubwoko bumwe zishobora kugira ubuzima bwinzira zitandukanye kubera itandukaniro ryimiterere yimbere.
Ubuzima bwizunguruka bwa bateri bugira ingaruka kubintu bitandukanye. Usibye gukoresha neza no kuyitaho, ingingo zingenzi zikurikira nazo zirakurikizwa: ① Mugihe cyo kwishyuza - gusohora kwizuba, ubuso bwibintu bifatika bigenda bigabanuka buhoro buhoro, bigatuma habaho kwiyongera kwimikorere yimikorere no gukomera kwa polarisiyasi; Components Ibigize bifatika kuri electrode birashobora gutandukana cyangwa kwimura; ③ Mugihe gikora bateri, ibikoresho bya electrode bimwe bishobora kubora; End Dendrite ikorwa kuri electrode mugihe cyamagare irashobora gutera imiyoboro migufi imbere muri bateri; ⑤ Gutandukanya bishobora kwangirika; Mor Crystal morphologie yibintu bifatika bihinduka mugihe cyo kwishyuza inshuro - gusohora inzinguzingo, bityo bikagabanya ibikorwa byayo.
Imikorere yo kubika
Imikorere yo kubika bateri yerekana urugero rwo gutakaza ingufu karemano muri bateri iyo iri mumuzunguruko - yumuzunguruko mubihe bidasanzwe (nkubushuhe nubushuhe). Iyi phenomenon izwi kandi nka self- gusohora. Niba igipimo cyo gutakaza ingufu mugihe cyo kubika ari gito, byerekana ko bateri ifite imikorere myiza yo kubika.
Iyo bateri iri kumugaragaro - imiterere yumuzunguruko, nubwo idatanga ingufu zamashanyarazi hanze, iracyafite inzira yo gusohora -. Iyi phenomenon iterwa ahanini nubushyuhe bwa termodinamike ya electrode mubidukikije bya electrolyte, biganisha kuri redox spontaneous reaction hagati ya electrode. Ndetse no mubihe byumye, niba kashe idafunze bihagije, kwinjira mubintu byo hanze nkumwuka cyangwa ubushuhe birashobora gutera imbaraga zo - gusohora imbere muri bateri.
Igipimo cyo gusohora - gishobora kandi kugaragazwa nkumunsi bifata kugirango ubushobozi bwa bateri bugabanuke kugeza ku giciro cyagenwe iyo kibitswe, kizwi nkubuzima bwubuzima.Hariho ubuzima bwumunsi bwumye hamwe nubuzima butose. Kurugero, bateri yo kubika, utongeyeho electrolyte mbere yo kuyikoresha, irashobora kubikwa igihe kirekire; bateri nk'iyi irashobora kugira igihe kirekire cyumye. Ububiko hamwe na electrolyte bwitwa ububiko butose; ububiko butose butera imbaraga zikomeye - ingaruka zo gusohora hamwe nigihe gito cyo kubaho neza. Kurugero, bateri ya zinc - ifeza irashobora kugira ubuzima bwumutse bwimyaka 5-8, mugihe ubuzima bwayo butose busanzwe amezi make gusa.