Hariho ibisobanuro byinshi bizwi byingufu, ariko ibisobanuro byibanze ni bimwe. Muri rusange, imbaraga nimbaraga zose - zitwara umutungo zishobora gutaziguye cyangwa binyuze mubihinduka biha abantu imbaraga zose bakeneye. Muri make, ingufu bivuga umutungo ibyotanga ingufu; ni ijambo rusange mubintu birimo ingufu zingana -, nkamakara, peteroli na peteroli, hydropower, nimbaraga zumuyaga.
Incamake y'ingufu
★Kubika ingufu hamwe nubuhanga bwo kubika ingufu
Ingufu zifata uburyo bwinshi kandi zishobora gushyirwa muburyo butandukanye ukurikije uburyo butandukanye. Kugeza ubu, yashyizwe mu byiciro ukurikije ibintu nko kubyara ingufu, imiterere yabyo, ubwoko bwimikoreshereze, yaba yangiza ibidukikije, nibiranga umubiri.
Ibyiciro bishingiye kuburyo bwo kubyara ingufu cyangwa gushaka ingufu:
(Ukurikije uburyo bwo kubyara ingufu cyangwa kubigura, ingufu zishobora kugabanywamo ingufu zambere ningufu za kabiri, nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe 1-1)
. Iki cyiciro gikubiyemo ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa nizindi - ingufu zishobora kubaho. Ingufu zisubirwamo bivuga ingufu zifite ubushobozi bwo kuvugurura kamere, zitagabanya cyane ingufu zose zitangwa mugihe cyo gukoresha cyangwa guhinduka. Harimo cyane cyane ingufu zizuba, ingufu zumuyaga, hydropower, ingufu za geothermal, ningufu za biomass. Ibinyuranye, ingufu zidasanzwe - zidafite imbaraga zo kwiyitaho -, kandi ububiko bwayo bugenda bugabanuka buhoro buhoro hamwe nogukoresha abantu. Ingero zisanzwe zirimo amakara, peteroli, gaze gasanzwe, ningufu za kirimbuzi.
(2) Ingufu za kabiri bivuga abatwara ingufu muburyo butandukanye bwabonetse binyuze mugutunganya no guhindura ingufu zibanze. Iki cyiciro gikubiyemo ahanini uburyo butandukanye nkamashanyarazi, kokiya, gaze yamakara, biyogazi, amavuta, n'inzoga, hamwe nibikomoka kuri peteroli nka lisansi, kerosene, mazutu, namavuta aremereye. Byongeye kandi, imyanda yubushyuhe itangwa mugihe cyinganda zinganda, nka gaze ya - yubushyuhe bwo hejuru, ubushyuhe butwarwa nibikoresho, imyuka yaka umuriro, hamwe n’amazi yotswa igitutu, nabyo bifatwa nkisoko yingufu za kabiri.
Gutondekanya kubintu byingufu:
Ingufu zishobora gushyirwa mumavuta - ingufu zishingiye hamwe na - lisansi - ishingiye ku miterere yayo.
(1) Ibicanwa - bishingiye ku mbaraga zishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo butaziguye nk'ibikoresho byo gutwika kubyara ingufu. Iki cyiciro gikubiyemo ubwoko butandukanye, harimo ibicanwa biva mu kirere nk'amakara, peteroli, na gaze gasanzwe; ibicanwa mu buryo bw'ibiti, biyogazi, n'imyanda kama; na chimique yashizwemo lisansi nka methanol na alcool. Harimo kandi ibicanwa bya kirimbuzi nka uranium, xenon, na shale bikoreshwa mubitekerezo bya kirimbuzi.
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Gutondekanya ukoresheje Ingufu zikoresha Ubwoko:
Ingufu zirashobora gushyirwa mubikorwa bisanzwe nimbaraga nshya ukurikije ubwoko bwikoreshwa.
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Gutondekanya ukurikije niba gukoresha ingufu byangiza ibidukikije:
Ukurikije niba gukoresha ingufu byangiza ibidukikije, birashobora kugabanywamo ingufu zangiza ningufu zisukuye.
(1) Guhumanya ingufu bivuga ingufu zangiza ibidukikije mugihe zikoreshwa, nk'amakara na peteroli. Mugihe cyo kuyikoresha, itanga umwanda mwinshi nka dioxyde de carbone, okiside sulfure, na azote ya azote bitewe no gutwikwa, bigatera ingaruka za parike, imvura ya aside, nibindi, bigira ingaruka kubidukikije no kwangiza ibidukikije.
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Ibyiciro bishingiye ku buryo bw'ingufu:
Ukurikije ibiranga imiterere yingufu, irashobora kugabanywamo ubwoko butandatu bwingenzi: ingufu za mashini, ingufu zumuriro, ingufu za chimique, ingufu z imirasire, ingufu zamashanyarazi, ningufu za kirimbuzi.
Uburyo bwo gutondekanya hejuru nuburyo bwubu bukoreshwa nabashakashatsi. Mugihe abantu basobanukiwe ningufu, imbaraga zizashyirwa mubice bitandukanye ukurikije ibikenewe bitandukanye. Nyamara, tutitaye kuburyo bwo gutondekanya uburyo bwakoreshejwe, intego nyamukuru nugusobanukirwa neza ingufu bityo tukiteza imbere no kuyikoresha mubuhanga.