Batare ibika ingufu za chimique zihindura ingufu zamashanyarazi iyo zihujwe nigikoresho. Izi mbaraga zikomeza gusinzira mububiko bwa chimique hagati ya atome na molekile kugeza bateri irangiye umuzunguruko ugatangira gusohora.
Imiterere ibiri yingufu za Bateri
Batteri ikora binyuze mubihinduka bidasanzwe hagati yingufu ebyiri. Mugihe cyo kubika, ingufu zibaho nkubushobozi bwa chimique - zifunze mumiterere ya molekile ya electrode ya electrode na electrolyte. Iyo uhuza bateri kugirango ukoreshe igikoresho, izo mbaraga zibitse zihinduka imbaraga zamashanyarazi binyuze mumashanyarazi.
Iyi miterere ibiri itandukanya bateri nizindi nkomoko yimbaraga. Bitandukanye n’umuriro w'amashanyarazi utanga amashanyarazi ahoraho, cyangwa lisansi irekura ingufu binyuze mu gutwikwa, bateri zirahuza imiti n’amashanyarazi. Imiti ya chimique mubikoresho bya batiri ifata ingufu muburyo butajegajega, bwiteguye - kugeza - gukoresha ifishi kugeza umuzunguruko wo hanze utera inzira yo guhindura.
Guhinduka bibaho binyuze muri okiside - kugabanya (redox) reaction kuri electrode ya batiri. Kuri electrode mbi (anode), okiside irekura electron. Izi electroni zinyura mumuzunguruko wigikoresho cyawe, zikora akazi. Hagati aho, kuri electrode nziza (cathode), kugabanuka kugabanuka kwemera izo electron, zuzuza uruziga. Muri ubu buryo bwose, ion zinyura muri electrolyte ya batiri kugirango ikomeze kuringaniza.
Gusobanukirwa Ingufu Zishobora Gutera muri Batteri
Imbaraga zishobora gukoreshwa zerekana imbaraga zibitswe muri molekuline - imbaraga zifata atome hamwe. Muri bateri, ubu buryo bwo kubika ingufu burasa nubundi buryo bukoreshwa ningufu za chimique. Molekile ya lisansi ibika ingufu za chimique moteri yaka ihinduka imbaraga za mashini. Igiti kirimo imiti ihuza gutwika ihinduka ubushyuhe. Batteri ikurikiza ihame risa ariko rifite itandukaniro rikomeye: rihindura ingufu za chimique mumashanyarazi nta gutwikwa cyangwa guhuza imashini.
Ibikoresho byimiti yihariye muri bateri bigena ingufu zayo na voltage. Litiyumu - bateri ya ion, urugero, ibika ingufu ukoresheje ioni ya lithium igenda hagati ya grafite na lithium - irimo ibice. Isasu - bateri ya aside ishingiye ku myitwarire iri hagati ya gurş, dioxyde de aside, na aside sulfurike. Buri shimi ya chimie itanga imbaraga zitandukanye zo kubika ingufu zishingiye ku mbaraga no guhindagurika kwimiti ya shimi.
Ubucucike bw'ingufu- imbaraga ingufu bateri ishobora kubika ugereranije nuburemere bwayo - biterwa nubushobozi bwimiti yibikoresho byayo. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’ishami ry’ingufu bugaragaza ko selile ya litiro - ion yikubye hafi inshuro eshatu ububiko bw’ingufu kuri kilo kuva mu 2010, cyane cyane binyuze mu guhuza imiti n’imiterere ikoreshwa muri electrode.
Ihungabana ryingufu zishobora guterwa na bateri ibikoresho bidasanzwe byo kubika. Bitandukanye n'amashanyarazi atembera mu nsinga (ingufu za kinetic) cyangwa umwuka ucanye (ingufu za mashini zishobora gukoreshwa), imiyoboro ya chimique muri bateri irashobora gufata ingufu mugihe kinini hamwe nigihombo gito. Litiyumu ya kijyambere - bateri za ion zitakaza 1 - 2% yumushahara wazo buri kwezi iyo zidafite akamaro-gihamya yukuntu imiyoboro ya chimique ibika ingufu.
Uburyo bwo Guhindura Ingufu: Kuva Mubumashini kugeza Amashanyarazi
Guhindura imiti biva mumashanyarazi bikubiyemo ingufu za koreografiya. Iyo ukanze buto ya terefone ya terefone cyangwa ugahindura imodoka yawe, uba urangije umuyagankuba utera kasake ya reaction yimiti imbere muri bateri.
Dore uko guhinduka bigenda:
Kuri anode (itumanaho ribi), okiside reaction yambura electron muri atome mubikoresho bya electrode. Kuri bateri ya lithium - ion, atome ya lithium kuri grafite anode irekura electron zabo hanyuma igahinduka neza ioni ya lithium. Irekurwa rya electron ryongera amafaranga mabi kuri terminal.
Binyuze mu muzunguruko wo hanze, izo electroni zibohoye zitemba zerekeza kuri terminal nziza, zinyura mubikoresho byawe kandi ubiha imbaraga munzira. Uru rugendo rwa electron rugizwe numuyagankuba ukoresha terefone yawe, mudasobwa igendanwa, cyangwa ikinyabiziga cyamashanyarazi.
Imbere muri bateri, lithium ion yimuka binyuze mumazi cyangwa gel electrolyte kuva kuri anode yerekeza kuri cathode. Electrolyte ikora nk'umuhanda munini mugihe uhagarika electron - guhatira electron gufata inzira yo hanze ikoresheje igikoresho cyawe.
Kuri cathode (terminal nziza), kugabanuka reaction bibaho nkuko ibikoresho bya cathode byakira electron ziva mumuzunguruko wo hanze. Icyarimwe, ion ya lithium igera muri electrolyte ihuza hamwe na electron, ikuzuza amashanyarazi.
Iyi nzira irakomeza mugihe umuzunguruko ukomeje gufungwa kandi ibikoresho bikora bikomeza kuboneka kuri electrode. Umuvuduko wakozwe - mubisanzwe 1.5V kuri bateri ya alkaline cyangwa 3.7V kuri selile ya lithium - ion - biterwa nubudasa bwubushobozi bwimiti hagati ya anode nibikoresho bya cathode.
Guhindura inzira: Batteri zishobora kwishyurwa
Batteri zishobora kwishyurwa zituma ihinduka ryinyuma. Iyo ucometse kuri charger ya terefone yawe, ukoresha ingufu z'amashanyarazi zo hanze zitwara imiti ya reaction. Electron ihatirwa muri anode igarura imiti yambere yimiti, ikubaka ingufu za batiri ya chimique. Uku guhindukira gutandukanya bateri zishobora kwishyurwa nubwoko bumwe - gukoresha ubwoko, nubwo buri cyiciro - cyogusohora kizana impinduka nto zidasubirwaho zigabanya buhoro buhoro ubushobozi bwa bateri.
Abahanga muri MIT bavuga ko gusobanukirwa impamvu ibyo bitekerezo bidahinduka mugihe cyo kwishyuza bikomeje kuba ubushakashatsi bukora. Ihinduka ridasobanutse risobanura impamvu bateri za terefone amaherezo zitakaza ubushobozi - impinduka zoroshye muburyo bwa electrode na chimie ya electrolyte yegeranya inshuro zirenga amagana.
Ubwoko bwa Bateri zitandukanye hamwe na sisitemu yingufu za chimique
Chimie ya Bateri iratandukanye cyane, buriwese atanga inyungu zitandukanye zishingiye kumiti ikoreshwa:
Litiyumu - Batteri ya Ion
Izi bateri ziganje cyane zishobora kubikwa zibika ingufu binyuze muri lithium - ion igenda hagati ya lithium ebyiri - irimo ibice. Ingufu zabo nyinshi - mubisanzwe 150 - 250 watt - amasaha kuri kilo-bituma biba byiza kubintu bya elegitoroniki bigendanwa hamwe n’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi. Ingufu za chimique ziba muri reaction ya lithium yisubiramo kuri electrode zombi.
Kuyobora - Bateri ya Acide
Guhera mu 1859, bateri ya - acide ibika ingufu binyuze mubitekerezo hagati ya gurş, dioxyde de aside, na aside sulfurike. Mugihe cyo gusohora, electrode zombi zihindura kuyobora sulfate mugihe aside sulfurike ihinduka. Kwishyuza bihindura ibyo bitekerezo, kugarura ibikoresho byumwimerere. Nubwo ingufu ziremereye kandi nkeya - yuzuye kurusha bateri ya lithium - ion, chimie yizewe hamwe nigiciro gito bikomeza kwiganza mubikorwa byo gutangiza imodoka.
Bateri ya alkaline
Ingaragu - koresha bateri ya alkaline ikoresha zinc na manganese dioxyde de electrolyte ya alkaline. Ingufu za chimique zibitswe muri okiside ya zinc no kugabanuka kwa dioxyde ya manganese itanga imbaraga zizewe, ndende - imbaraga zirambye kubikoresho bito -. Ubuhanga bwa chimie ntabwo bworoshye guhinduka, bigatuma bidakwiriye kwishyurwa.
Imiti ivuka
Ubushakashatsi bukomeje muri chemisties ya batiri ishobora guhindura ububiko bwingufu. Bateri zikomeye - za batiri zisimbuza electrolytite yamazi nibikoresho bikomeye, bishobora kuba inshuro eshatu ubwinshi bwingufu mugihe bitezimbere umutekano. Litiyumu - batteri ya sulfure isezeranya ndetse nubucucike bwimbaraga nyinshi. Iterambere ryibanda ku gushakisha sisitemu yimiti ibika ingufu nyinshi mumashanyarazi yoroheje.
Impamvu ingufu za chimique zituma bateri zifatika
Guhitamo kubika ingufu za chimique ntabwo bishakiye - bitanga inyungu zidasanzwe:
Ubucucike bw'ingufu: Imiti ya chimique ipakira ingufu nyinshi mububiko buke. Litiyumu - bateri ya ion igera kuri 150-250 Wh / kg, irenze kure uburyo bwo kubika imashini nka flawhehels (5-130 Wh / kg) cyangwa se sisitemu yo mu kirere ifunze.
Igihe cyo kubika: Imiti ishobora gukoreshwa ikomeza guhagarara neza mugihe kinini. Bitandukanye n’umuriro w'amashanyarazi muri capacator, zisohoka mu masaha, chimie ya batiri ikomeza ingufu mumezi cyangwa imyaka hamwe na bike -.
Birashoboka: Ikomeye cyangwa igice - imiterere ikomeye yibikoresho bya batiri ituma imbaraga zigendanwa. Ntushobora gutwara byoroshye amashanyarazi cyangwa turbine yumuyaga, ariko ingufu za batiri zirimo ingufu za chimique zijya aho ukeneye hose.
Kurekurwa kugenzurwa: Imiti yimiti muri bateri ibaho kubiciro byacungwa, bitanga ingufu zihamye. Igishushanyo cya electrolyte na electrode bigena uburyo ingufu za chimique zihinduka vuba mumashanyarazi, bikarinda gusohoka vuba.
Ubunini: Sisitemu ya bateri yapimye kuva kuri buto ntoya ya selile ikoresha ibyuma bifata amajwi kugeza gride nini - yububiko. Ubuhanga bumwe bwa chimie bukora murwego rwose, hamwe nubushobozi bwingufu bugenwa gusa nubunini bwibikoresho bifatika.
Impirimbanyi zingufu: Ibigenda bigomba gusohoka
Kubika ingufu za bateri bikurikiza amategeko ya termodinamike. Ingufu z'amashanyarazi ukuramo ntizishobora kurenga ingufu za chimique zabitswe mugihe cyo kwishyuza - mubyukuri, burigihe ni bike kubera igihombo byanze bikunze.
Kwishyuza no gusohora neza mubisanzwe biva kuri 80 - 95% kuri bateri ya lithium-ion igezweho. Ingufu "zabuze" ntizimira; ihindura ubushyuhe binyuze muburyo butandukanye:
Kurwanya electrode hamwe nabakusanyirizo bigabanya imbaraga nkubushyuhe
Ion igenda binyuze muri electrolyte ihura no guterana, ikabyara ingufu zumuriro
Imyitwarire kuruhande - inzira yimiti idakenewe - ikoresha ingufu nke
Impinduka zubaka mubikoresho bya electrode mugihe cyo kwinjiza lithium bikurura ingufu
Ubu buryo bwo gutekereza neza busaba porogaramu nka gride - kubika ingufu zingana. Ikigo kibika ingufu z'izuba kugirango gikoreshwe nijoro kigomba kubara 5-20% gutakaza ingufu mububiko. Ubushyuhe butangwa busaba kandi sisitemu yo gucunga amashyuza mugushiraho bateri nini n’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi.
Ihinduka ryibanze ryingufu risigaye: ingufu zamashanyarazi energy imbaraga zishobora gukoreshwa (mugihe cyo kwishyuza) energy ingufu zamashanyarazi (mugihe cyo gusohora). Nta bateri ikora ingufu; ibika gusa ikayirekura ikoresheje reaction ya chimique.
Gupima ingufu za Bateri: Ibisobanuro by'ingenzi
Ibisobanuro byinshi bisobanura ingufu za bateri:
Ubushobozi(bipimye muri amp - amasaha cyangwa Ah) byerekana amafaranga yose bateri ishobora gutanga. Bateri ya terefone ya 2000mAh irashobora gutanga amps 2 kumasaha imwe, cyangwa 0.5 amps kumasaha ane.
Ibirimo ingufu(bipimye muri watt - amasaha cyangwa Wh) byerekana umurimo wose bateri ishobora gukora. Kubara mugwiza ubushobozi kuri voltage: 3.7V, 2000mAh bateri irimo 7.4 Wh yingufu.
Ubucucike bw'ingufu(Wh / kg cyangwa Wh / L) isobanura uko ingufu ziba mubwinshi cyangwa mubunini. Ubucucike bukabije busobanura imbaraga nyinshi mumashanyarazi yoroheje, ntoya - ingenzi kubinyabiziga byamashanyarazi hamwe na elegitoroniki ishobora gutwara.
Ubucucike bw'imbaraga(W / kg) yerekana uburyo bateri ishobora gutanga ingufu zabitswe vuba. Ubucucike bukabije bufite akamaro kubisabwa bisaba gusohora ingufu byihuse, nkibikoresho byamashanyarazi cyangwa kwihuta kwimodoka.
Ubuzima bwinziraapima umubare wamafaranga - gusohora inzinguzingo bateri yihanganira mbere yuko ubushobozi bugabanuka cyane. Ibi bisobanuro bifitanye isano nuburyo reaction yimiti ihinduka mugihe cyo kwishyuza.
Ibitekerezo Bikunze Kubyerekeye Ingufu za Bateri
Ibitekerezo bitari byo: Batteri zibika amashanyaraziUkuri: Batteri zibika ingufu za chimique kandi zitanga amashanyarazi kubisabwa. Amashanyarazi ni umuvuduko wa electron - ntushobora "kubika" imigezi itemba nkuko ushobora kubika amazi atemba. Batteri ahubwo ibika ingufu muburyo bwa chimique, ikarekura nkumuyagankuba mugihe bikenewe.
Imyumvire itari yo: Batteri zose zikora kimweUkuri: Imiti itandukanye ya batiri ikoresha imiti itandukanye. Litiyumu - uburyo bwo kubika ingufu za batiri ion butandukanye cyane na sisitemu - acide cyangwa bateri ya alkaline, nubwo byose bikurikiza ihame shingiro ryo guhinduranya ingufu za chimique n amashanyarazi.
Imyumvire itari yo: Batteri itakaza ubushobozi kuko amashanyarazi asohokaUkuri: Kwangirika kwubushobozi guturuka ku mpinduka zidasubirwaho mubikoresho bya electrode na chimie ya electrolyte. Gusubiramo ion kwinjiza no kuyikuramo buhoro buhoro bihindura imiterere ya kirisiti, imiterere mvaruganda mishya, kandi electrolyte ibora gato. Izi mpinduka zegeranye zigabanya ingano yububiko bwimbaraga zidasubirwaho.
Imyumvire itari yo: Ubushyuhe bukonje butwara bateriUkuri: Ubushyuhe buke ntibukura imbaraga muri bateri. Ahubwo, bagabanya umuvuduko wimiti ishinzwe guhindura ingufu. Ingufu zikomeza kubikwa, ariko bateri itanga imbaraga nke kuko reaction zigenda gahoro mubukonje.
Kazoza Kubika Ingufu Zimiti
Ikoranabuhanga rya bateri rikomeje gutera imbere mugihe abashakashatsi bavumbuye sisitemu nshya yimiti kandi bagahindura izisanzwe. Iterambere ryinshi risezeranya kuzamura uburyo bateri zibika kandi zigatanga ingufu za chimique:
Bateri zikomeye -gusimbuza electrolytite yamazi nibikoresho bikomeye, birashoboka kwemerera lithium icyuma kibika ingufu nyinshi. Porotipiki yambere yerekana ingufu zingana na 400 Wh / kg - hafi ya kabiri ya lithium ikora - tekinoroji.
Silicon anodeirashobora kuzamura lithium - ion ubushobozi bwa 20-40% ugereranije na anite ya grafite. Silicon yakira ion nyinshi za lithium, ikabika ingufu zindi miti mubunini bumwe.
Amashanyarazi mezaukoresheje ibishashara bishya hamwe ninyongeramusaruro bishobora gutuma bateri ikora hejuru yubushyuhe bwagutse mugihe ikomeza gukora neza mumiti - kugeza - guhindura amashanyarazi.
Litiyumu - chimie ya sulfuruitanga ingufu zingirakamaro zirenga 500 Wh / kg ukoresheje ingufu za sulferi nyinshi. Ibibazo bya tekiniki bijyanye no gusesa sulfuru mugihe cyamagare bigabanya ubuzima bwubucuruzi.
Sodium - bateritanga ubundi buryo bwa lithium - sisitemu ishingiye kububiko buhagaze aho uburemere bufite akamaro gake. Ubwinshi bwa Sodium nigiciro gito bishobora demokarasi muburyo bunini bwo kubika ingufu za chimique.
Iterambere risangiye intego imwe: gupakira ingufu nyinshi za chimique mumashanyarazi yoroheje, afite umutekano, maremare - yamapaki arambye mugihe azamura imikorere yo guhindura ingufu z'amashanyarazi.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Ingufu ziri muri bateri ni imiti cyangwa amashanyarazi?
Batteri ibika ingufu za chimique kandi ikayihindura ingufu z'amashanyarazi mugihe cyo gusohora. Mugihe bibitswe, ingufu zibaho nkubushobozi bwa chimique mumikoranire hagati ya atome. Gusa mugihe cyo gusohora gukomeye izo mbaraga za chimique zihinduka ingufu zamashanyarazi zinyura mumuzunguruko.
Urashobora kongera ingufu zibitswe muri bateri?
Ntushobora kongeramo ingufu zirenze ubushobozi bwa bateri - ibi bigenwa nubwinshi nubwoko bwibikoresho bya shimi muri electrode. Kugerageza "kurenza urugero" bateri itera imbaraga zishobora kwangiza ibikoresho cyangwa guteza umutekano muke. Nyamara, abashakashatsi bakomeje guteza imbere chemisties nshya ya batiri ibika ingufu nyinshi mubunini bumwe.
Kuki bateri zishyuha mugihe zishyuza cyangwa zisohora?
Imiti yimiti ihindura ingufu hagati yimiti n amashanyarazi ntabwo ikora neza. Kurwanya ion kugenda no gutembera kwa electron, wongeyeho uruhande ruto ruto, hindura imbaraga mubushuhe. Kwishyuza byihuse cyangwa gusohora byihutisha izi nzira, bikabyara ubushyuhe bwinshi.
Ingufu za chimique zishobora kuguma muri bateri kugeza ryari?
Batteri zigezweho zirashobora kubika ingufu mumyaka hamwe na buhoro buhoro - gusohora. Batteri ya alkaline igumana ubushobozi bwa 85 - 90% nyuma yimyaka itanu yo kubika. Litiyumu - batteri ion ubwayo - isohoka hafi 1-2% buri kwezi. Imiti ihamye yibikoresho bya batiri igena igihe cyo kubika-imiyoboro ihamye ya chimique igumana ingufu igihe kirekire.
Ibitekerezo byanyuma
Ingufu zishobora gukoreshwa zituma bateri imwe mubisubizo byububiko butandukanye bwabantu. Iyi miterere yingufu itanga imbaraga zihamye, zigendanwa, nini cyane umuco wa kijyambere ugenda ushingira. Kuva kuri terefone mu mufuka wawe kugeza ku binyabiziga byamashanyarazi kumuhanda wacu kugeza kuri gride - ibipimo byerekana imbaraga zingana - byose bishingiye kubushobozi bwa chimie bwo kubika neza no kurekura ingufu kubisabwa.
Ubwihindurize bukomeje bwa chimie ya batiri isezeranya no kubika ingufu neza. Mugihe abashakashatsi bafungura sisitemu nshya yimiti no gutunganya iyari isanzwe, bateri zizapakira ingufu nyinshi mubikoresho bito, byoroshye, bifite umutekano. Gusobanukirwa ko bateri ari ibikoresho byingufu za chimique - ntabwo ari amashanyarazi - bifasha gushima ubushobozi bwabo nimbogamizi mugihe twubaka isi igenda ikwirakwizwa n'amashanyarazi.
Ibyingenzi
Ububiko bwa Batiriingufu za chimiquemuri molekile ihuza ibikoresho byabo bya electrode na electrolyte
Izi mbaraga za chimiqueihindura ingufu z'amashanyarazibinyuze mumashanyarazi mugihe iyo bateri ihaye igikoresho
Imiti itandukanye ya batiri (lithium - ion, gurş - aside, alkaline) ikoresha imiti itandukanye ariko ikurikiza ihame ryibanze ryo guhindura ingufu
Kubika ingufu za chimique bitanga ibyiza byaingufu nyinshi, maremare - igihe gihamye, nabyoroshye
Imikorere ya bateri iri hagati ya 80 - 95%, hamwe nimbaraga zabuze zihinduka ubushyuhe mugihe cyo guhindura imiti-amashanyarazi
Basabwe Guhuza Imbere Amahirwe
Ukuntu bateri zangirika mugihe (igihe cya bateri igihe cyo kuyitaho no kuyifata)
Kugereranya imiti ya batiri (lithium - ion vs gurş - aside vs alkaline)
Umutekano wa bateri no gucunga amashyuza
Ikoranabuhanga rya batiri yimashanyarazi
Imiyoboro - igipimo cyo kubika ingufu
Gutunganya bateri no kuramba