Umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ntiwigeze ugenewe kubika ingufu. Mu gihe kirenga ikinyejana, amashanyarazi yabyaye amashanyarazi kandi ahita ayasunika mumirongo yohereza mumazu no mubucuruzi. Ubike? Ntabwo byari muri gahunda.
Noneho imirasire y'izuba hamwe na turbine z'umuyaga byahageze bifite ikibazo: bitanga ingufu mugihe ibidukikije byemeje, ntabwo mugihe abantu babikeneye. Uku kudahuza kwatangije inganda zingana na miliyari 174 z'amadolari mu ijoro rimwe - ububiko bwa gride yububiko bwa - ibyo bihindura cyane uburyo amashanyarazi akora.
Ariko dore ibyo ibisobanuro byinshi bibura: bateri ya grid ntabwo ari verisiyo nini yibiri muri terefone yawe. Ni gahunda zateguwe aho chimie, software, nubukungu bihurira muburyo bwerekana niba koko leta yawe ishobora gukoresha ingufu zisukuye cyangwa niba komite ikora amafaranga ibika ingufu zumuyaga saa mbiri za mugitondo.
Nuburyo sisitemu yose ikora - kuva muri lithium ion ihindagurika hagati ya electrode ikagera kuri algorithms itanga ingufu mumasoko milisegonda mbere yo gusaba.
Bitatu - Ukuri kwukuri: Uburyo Ububiko bwa Gride bukora
Ingingo nyinshi zifata bateri ya gride nkibisanduku byirabura "byishyuza kandi bisohora." Ibyo ni nko kuvuga indege "uzamuke umanuke." Nukuri, ariko ntacyo bimaze niba ushaka kumva ibibera.
Ububiko bwa gride yububiko bukora mubice bitatu bifitanye isano, buri kimwe na fiziki yacyo, ubukungu, nuburyo bwo gutsindwa. Kubura urwego urwo arirwo rwose, ukabura impamvu bateri ikora neza muri laboratoire ishobora gutakaza amafaranga kuri gride - cyangwa kuki ububiko bwa 7.3 GW muri Californiya bukomeje kubona umwijima muri 2020.
Igice cya 1: Sisitemu Ifatika (Chimie na Hardware)
Hasi yicaye amashanyarazi - ingendo nyayo ya ion ibika kandi ikarekura ingufu. Litiyumu - bateri yion yiganje hano hamwe na 85% umugabane wisoko kubwimpamvu: ubwinshi bwingufu. Igikoresho kimwe cyo kohereza gishobora gutwara MW 3-4 MWh, gihagije kugirango amashanyarazi 1.000 kumasaha.
Uburyo chimie ikora:Imbere muri buri selile, lithium ion ihinduranya hagati ya electrode ebyiri binyuze mumazi ya electrolyte. Mugihe cyo kwishyuza, ion ziva muri cathode (mubisanzwe lithium fer fosifate cyangwa nikel manganese cobalt) kuri grafite anode. Mugihe cyo gusohora, basubira inyuma, bakarekura electron zinyura mumuzinga wo hanze kugirango zibe amashanyarazi yingirakamaro.
Uruziga - gukora neza ingendo zingana na 85% - bisobanura kuri buri kilwati 100 ubitse, ubona 85 kWh inyuma. Ibyo kubura 15% bihinduka ubushyuhe, niyo mpamvu sisitemu yo gucunga amashyuza pomp ikonjesha ikoresheje bateri 24/7. Iyo gukonja binaniwe, ubona ibyabereye muri Arizona muri 2019: ikigo cya MWh 2 cyaturikiye, gikomeretsa abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro umunani.
Ibigize umubiri muri sisitemu ya bateri ya gride:
Moderi ya Batiri: Amajana cyangwa ibihumbi by'utugingo ngengabuzima tumwe hamwe. Ikigo cya MW 100 gishobora kuba kirimo selile ya batiri 250.000 kuri kontineri nyinshi -.
Sisitemu yo gucunga bateri (BMS): Gukurikirana buri selile ya voltage, ubushyuhe, na reta yumuriro. Bitekerezeho nka sisitemu ya nervice - niba selile imwe ishyushye cyangwa idakora neza, BMS irayitandukanya mbere yikibazo.
Gucunga ubushyuhe: Sisitemu yo gukonjesha cyangwa ikirere ikomeza ubushyuhe bwiza (mubisanzwe dogere 15-35). Gutandukana nubushyuhe bwa dogere 10 gusa birashobora kugabanya igihe cya bateri igihe cya 20-30%.
Sisitemu yo Guhindura Imbaraga (PCS): Bi - inverter yerekeza yerekeza hagati ya AC (grid) na DC (bateri). Aha niho ubwubatsi bwamashanyarazi bugenda bugora - inshuro ya gride igomba guhuzwa neza na Hz 60, kandi PCS ikora ibi ibihumbi nibihumbi kumasegonda.
Kuzimya umuriro. Nyuma yuko Koreya yepfo ihuye n’umuriro wa batiri 28 hagati ya 2017 - 2019, sisitemu z'umutekano zabaye impaka.
Ukuri kugaragara:batteri itesha agaciro na buri cyiciro. Ikigo gishobora gutangirana nubushobozi bwa MW 100 ariko nyuma yizunguruka 6.000 (hafi imyaka 15 hamwe nigare rya buri munsi), ubushobozi buragabanuka kugera kuri 80%. Ubukungu bwumushinga bugomba kubara uku kugabanuka - bituzanira kumurongo wa 2.
Igice cya 2: Sisitemu yo kugenzura (Software na Optimisation)
Ibyuma byonyine ntacyo bimaze nta bwenge. Sisitemu yo gucunga ingufu (EMS) hamwe no kugenzura no kugenzura amakuru (SCADA) bigize ubwonko bugena igihe cyo kwishyuza, igihe cyo gusohora, nigipimo.
Nukuri - ibyemezo byigihe EMS ifata buri segonda:
Gukurikirana imirongo ya gride: Niba inshuro zigabanutse munsi ya 59.95 Hz (bivuze ibisekuruza Ibimenyetso byibiciro: Kwishyuza $ 25 / MWh saa tatu za mugitondo, gusohora $ 250 / MWh mugihe cya nimugoroba Leta yishyurwa neza: Ntuzigere wishyuza byuzuye cyangwa ngo usohoke kugirango wongere ubuzima bwikizamini (mubisanzwe ukora hagati ya 10-90%) Kuringaniza ubushyuhe: Guhindura ingufu zisohoka niba module iyo ari yo yose irenze ubushyuhe butekanye Dore aho abantu benshi bayobewe:bateri ya gride gake gake yishyuza rimwe no gusohora rimwe kumunsi. Batare imwe irashobora kwitabira amasoko atanu icyarimwe: Kugena inshuro(gusubiza sub - ihindagurika rya kabiri) Kuzunguruka(uhagaze witeguye kunanirwa na generator) Ubushobozi bwo hejuru(gusimbuza ibihingwa bihenze cyane) Ubukemurampaka(gura make, kugurisha hejuru) Inkunga ya voltage(gutera inshinge imbaraga kugirango uhagarike ingufu za gride) Ingufu za Hornsdale muri Ositaraliya yepfo zerekanye ibi byiza. Ukuboza 2017, ubwo uruganda rwamakara rwikubitaga ku buryo butunguranye, bateri ya MW 100 yinjije amashanyarazi muri milisegonda 140 - ku buryo amashanyarazi atarabona ikibazo. Uwo muvuduko wabujije umwijima mwinshi muri leta yose. Ikibazo cyo gutezimbere:Porogaramu igomba kuringaniza iyangirika ryinjira. Amagare byihuse yinjiza amafaranga menshi ariko yica bateri vuba. Algorithms ikemura iki kibazo ni ugukina umukino wa - uhinduranya umukino wa poker aho bahitamo amamiriyoni y amadorari yo kwangirika kwa batiri kubiciro by’amashanyarazi bitazwi. Imashini yiga imashini ubu iteganya imiterere ya grid amasaha cyangwa iminsi mbere, gushyira bateri kugirango ifate agaciro ntarengwa. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na 2024 bwakozwe na MIT bwerekanye ko AI - yatunganijwe neza yinjije 15 - 22% yinjiza menshi kuruta amategeko - ishingiye kuri sisitemu-itandukaniro riri hagati y’inyungu na wino itukura. Aha niho injeniyeri ihura na capitalism, kandi ikagena niba bateri ya gride yubatswe koko. Imibare ni ubugome: bateri 100 MW / 400 MWh igura hafi miliyoni 120 zo gushiraho. Igomba kubyara amafaranga ahagije yo kwishyura igishoro, kwishyura ikiguzi cyo gukora, no gutanga inyungu kubashoramari - byose mugihe bitesha agaciro buri munsi. Inzira yinjira (ishingiye ku makuru nyayo ya ERCOT kuva 2024): Serivisi zinyongera(kugenzura inshuro, kubika): $ 40 - 60 / kW-mwaka kumasoko nka ERCOT Ubukemurampaka(igiciro cyo gukwirakwiza gufata): $ 15 - 30 / kW-mwaka, ihindagurika cyane Kwishura ubushobozi(kuboneka): $ 10 - 25 / kW-umwaka bitewe nisoko Kwimura kwimurwa(kwirinda kuzamura gride): Urubuga - rwihariye, rushobora kuba $ 50 - 100 / kW-umwaka Amafaranga yose yinjiza: $ 65 - 215 / kW - umwaka, ukurikije igishushanyo mbonera cy’isoko hamwe na batiri. Batiri ya MW 100 irashobora kwinjiza miliyoni 6.5-21.5 z'amadolari ya Amerika buri mwaka-ariko ikiguzi cyo gukora, ububiko bwo gutesha agaciro, na serivisi yimyenda irya kimwe cya kabiri cyayo. Ikibazo: amasoko arimo kurya abantu ubwabo. Iyo ERCOT yari ifite 1 GW ya bateri muri 2022, amabwiriza yumurongo yishyuye $ 80 / kW - umwaka. Kugeza 2024, hamwe na 3.2 GW kumurongo, ibiciro byagabanutse $ 45 / kW - umwaka. Batteri nyinshi zirushanwe kuri serivisi zimwe zisunika marike - isoko rya kera nibisabwa. Igihe ubukungu bwigihe kirema igisenge gikomeye:Lithium y'ubu - bateri ikora mubukungu mugihe cyamasaha 2-6. Kubera iki? Kuberako kuva mumasaha 4 kugeza kumasaha 8 kumara byikubye kabiri igiciro cya bateri ariko ntibikubye kabiri amafaranga yinjira. Wongeyeho $ 600 / kW muri selile ya batiri kugirango ufate wenda $ 100 / kWt muri kongererwa ingufu. Niyo mpamvu abahanga bavuga kubyerekeye "igihe kirekire" - lithium - ion ikora igihe gito - igihe (0 - amasaha 8), bateri zitemba cyangwa umwuka ucogora bishobora kuzuza igihe - igihe (amasaha 8-24), kandi hydrogène cyangwa ububiko bwamashyanyarazi bishobora gukemura igihe kirekire (iminsi kugeza ibyumweru). Nta tekinoroji n'imwe itsinze ahantu hose. Niba warasomye kuri bateri ya gride ukumva urujijo na "100 MW / 400 MWh," ntabwo uri wenyine. Iyi nyandiko ifata ibintu bibiri bitandukanye rwose: Ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi (MW){0}} Uburyo bwihuse bushobora kwishyuza cyangwa gusohora Bitekerezeho nk'umuyoboro w'amazi: Imbaraga ni diameter (umuvuduko w'amazi), ingufu nubunini bwa tank. Batare ya MW 100 irashobora guhita itera cyangwa ikurura megawatt 100 - ihagije kumazu 75.000 - ariko igihe kingana gute bitewe na MWh. 100 MW / 200 MWh=2 amasaha yose yuzuye 100 MW / 400 MWh=4 amasaha yose yuzuye 100 MW / 800 MWh=8 amasaha yose yuzuye Impamvu ibi bifite akamaro mubukungu:Igice cya MWh gihenze (iyo ni selile ya batiri), mugihe igice cya MW gihenze cyane (electronics power). Bateri yamasaha 4 igura wenda $ 300 / kWh kuri selile hiyongereyeho $ 200 / kW kubikoresho byamashanyarazi. Kwikuba kabiri igihe (wongeyeho selile nyinshi) bisaba kure cyane gukuba kabiri imbaraga (inverter nini). Iyi miterere yikiguzi niyo mpamvu ubona imishinga myinshi "100 MW / 400 MWh" (4 - igihe cyamasaha) ariko hafi nta mishinga "100 MW / 2000 MWh" (igihe cyamasaha 20). Ubukungu bwarenze amasaha 6-8 hamwe na tekinoroji ya lithium-ion. Reka tunyure kumunsi usanzwe ukora kuri gride - igipimo cya bateri muri Texas, aho ibiciro byingufu bigenda byiyongera. 2:00 AM - Kwishyuza ijoro ryose Icyarimwe, bateri itanga ubushobozi mumasoko ya Resonsive Reserve, yinjiza $ 0.80 / MW kuri buri munota ikomeza kuboneka. Irimo kwishyurwa mugihe uhembwa kugirango uhagarare witeguye - gutondekanya agaciro kumurimo. 6:00 AM - Gusohora igice kubitondo bya mugitondo 10:00 AM - Umwuzure w'izuba, Ikirangantego cya Grid Algorithm yumubyigano wa bateri yerekana gutandukana kandi itera MW 40 muri milisegonda 140 - byihuse kuruta turbine iyo ari yo yose ishobora kubyitwaramo. Umuvuduko uhagaze kuri 59.97 Hz. Iki gisubizo cya milisegonda 140 cyinjiza amafaranga yinjiza amadolari 4.800 mugihe kitarenze amasegonda 10 yumurimo nyirizina. Aha niho milisegonda isobanura amafaranga angana. 6:00 PM - Impinga ya nimugoroba Ariko dore ikiguzi cyihishe:gusohora kwinshi byatwaye 0,02% yubuzima bwa bateri yose. Kuri 6,000 yuzuye - ubuzima bwikigihe, buri cyiciro kigura hafi 20.000 $ yo gutesha agaciro (kuri bateri ya $ 120M). Batare yinjije amadolari 47.000 ariko "yakoresheje" 20.000 $ mugiciro cyihuse cyo gusimbuza. Agaciro keza: $ 27,000, cyangwa $ 270 / MWh. 11:00 PM - Kwishyuza Umucyo, Umwanya uhagaze Ubukungu rusange bwa buri munsi: ~ $ 55.000 yinjiza yose, ukuyemo $ 22.000 igiciro cyo gutesha agaciro, ukuyemo $ 3.000 yakoreshejwe=30.000 $ buri munsi. Buri mwaka umushinga: miliyoni 10.9 z'amadolari. Kurwanya miliyoni 120 z'amadorali yatanzwe, ibyo ni 9.1% kugaruka kumafaranga mbere ya serivisi yimyenda - marginal ariko birashoboka. Ububiko bwa gride ntabwo ari tekinoroji imwe gusa. Nibura batandatu ya chimisties ya batiri irahatana, buri kimwe gifite imiterere itandukanye. Imiterere ya chimie: Litiyumu Iron Fosifate (LFP):Umutekano, muremure - wabayeho (6,000 - 10,000 cycle), ariko imbaraga nke. Igenga porogaramu ya grid-nicyo Tesla Megapack ikoresha. Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC):Ingufu nyinshi, ariko umuriro mwinshi - ukunda. Kugabanuka gukoresha gride nyuma yibyabaye muri Arizona. Kuki lithium - ion yatsindiye isoko rya mbere: Ibiciro byagabanutse 90% hagati ya 2010 - 2023 kubera umusaruro wa EV Igihe cyo gusubiza vuba (milisegonda) Byerekanwe kwizerwa hamwe na miriyoni za bateri za EV nkubutaka bwerekana Kuzenguruka - gukora neza urugendo rwa 85-92% Igisenge:Litiyumu - ion igera ku mbibi zubukungu kuri 6 - amasaha 8. Kubika ibihe, imibare ntabwo ikora-wakenera hafi miliyari 200 z'amadolari ya bateri kugirango ubike ibyumweru 6 ukoresha ingufu za Amerika. Bateri zitemba (vanadium redox): Icyuma - bateri zo mu kirere: Sodium - ion: Icyakabiri - ubuzima EV bateri: Reka tubwire inzovu muri kontineri: bateri ya lithium - ion irashobora gufata umuriro. Ibyabaye ntibisanzwe ariko birababaje iyo bibaye. Ibyanditswe byingenzi byabaye: Mata 2019, Arizona:Batare 2 MWh NMC yaturikiye mugihe cyo kuyitaho, ikomeretsa abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro 8. Impamvu nyamukuru: imicungire mibi yumuriro no guhumeka gaze bidahagije. Mata 2021, Pekin:25 MWh LFP ikigo cyahitanye abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro 2. Iperereza ryerekanye amakosa BMS yananiwe gutahura ubushyuhe bwumuriro muri module imwe. Koreya y'Epfo (2017-2019):Inkongi y'umuriro 28 mu bubiko bw'ingufu zatumye hahagarikwa ibice 522 (35% by'ibikoresho). Ikintu gisanzwe: intera idahagije hagati ya bateri ya batiri no guhumeka nabi. Kuki bateri zifata umuriro (guhunga ubushyuhe): Iyo selile irenze urugero, ishyushye cyane, cyangwa yangiritse kumubiri, reaction yimbere irihuta. Ubushyuhe burazamuka, bwihutisha reaction - ibitekerezo byiza. Kuri dogere 130, electrolyte itangira kubora, irekura imyuka yaka. Kuri dogere ~ 150, itandukana irashonga, itera uruziga rugufi. Ubushyuhe buzamuka kugera kuri dogere 600-800, gutwika imyuka. Igisubizo gikwirakwira muri selile zegeranye. Akagari kamwe karananiranye karashobora kunyura muminota yose. Niyo mpamvu selile - gukurikirana urwego hamwe na module - urwego rwo kwigunga ni ngombwa. Sisitemu z'umutekano zigezweho: Bateri ya grid uyumunsi ikoresha byinshi - kurinda urwego bigatuma itekana cyane kuruta sisitemu yo hambere: Akagari - gukurikirana urwego:BMS ikurikirana voltage nubushyuhe bwa buri selile (ibihumbi kuri kontineri), itandukanya icyaricyo cyose cyerekana ibintu bidasanzwe Amashusho yubushyuhe:Kamera ya Infrared isikana modul buri masegonda 5, ikamenya ahantu hashyushye mbere yuko iba ikomeye Kumenya gaze:Sensors ikurikirana kuri - gaze (CO, CO2, ibinyabuzima bihindagurika) ibanziriza guhunga ubushyuhe Ibikoresho bifatika:Module iri hagati ya 20 - 30cm hamwe numuriro - inzitizi zidashobora kwihanganira hagati ya racks. Ibigo byo mu rwego rwa gisirikare byageragejwe guhangana n’ibisasu biturika. Guhagarika abakozi basukuye:Sisitemu ikoresha 3M Novec cyangwa suppressants isa nazo zizimya umuriro udafite amazi (bishobora gutera ubukana na lithium) Guhagarika byikora:Niba ikintu icyo aricyo cyose kirenze imipaka, sisitemu ihagarika gride hanyuma igatangira kugenzurwa na cooldown mumasegonda 2 Ibarurishamibare:Hamwe na sisitemu yumutekano igezweho, igipimo cyo kunanirwa ni 1 kuri 10,000 MWh - imyaka ikora. Ibyo bivuze ko ikigo cya MWh 100 gifite hafi 1% buri mwaka ibyago by’umutekano muke - biracyafite ibyago nyabyo bigomba gucungwa binyuze mubwishingizi no guteganya byihutirwa. Guhindura kuva muri NMC muri chimie ya LFP nabyo byazamuye umutekano cyane. Ubushyuhe bwa LFP ubushyuhe bwa dogere ni ~ 270 na dogere 210 kuri NMC, kandi LFP ntabwo irekura ogisijeni mugihe cyo guhunga ubushyuhe (bigatuma umuriro ubwayo - ugabanya aho guturika). Ntushobora guta bateri 100 MW aho ariho hose kuri gride kandi utegereje ko ikora. Kwishyira hamwe bisaba gukemura imikoranire, ihererekanyabubasha, hamwe ningamba zo kwitabira isoko bifata imyaka 2 - imyaka 4-kurenza igihe cyo kubaka ikigo. Muri Amerika, umurongo uhuza umurongo (urutonde rwo gutegereza guhuza gride) wabaye icyuho gikomeye. Kugeza mu mpera za 2024, GW zirenga 2.700 z'ibisekuruza hamwe n’ububiko zitegereje - bihagije kugira ngo igihugu cyose kibe kabiri. Igihe cyo gutonda umurongo hagati: imyaka 4 uhereye kubisabwa kugeza kwemererwa guhuza. Kubera iki igihe kirekire? Inyigo zigira ingaruka kuri sisitemu:Abakoresha amashanyarazi bagomba kwerekana uburyo bateri ya MW 100 izagira ingaruka kuri voltage, inshuro, no kohereza biturutse kuri gride yakarere. Ibi bisaba gusesengura imbaraga zidasanzwe kandi birashobora gufata amezi 12-18. Kuzamura imiyoboro:Niba ibikorwaremezo bya gride bidashobora gukora ubushobozi bushya, abitezimbere bagomba kwishyura ibiciro byo kuzamura. Umushinga wa bateri miliyoni 150 z'amadorali urashobora gukurura miliyoni 40 z'amadolari yo kuzamura imiyoboro, ugasenya ubukungu bwumushinga. Isubiramo rigenga:Impushya zo kubungabunga ibidukikije, ibyemezo byaho, ikimenyetso cyerekana umuriro - kuzimya, komisiyo ishinzwe ibikorwa. Umwe yongera amezi. Ingamba zifatika:Batteri ziherereye mumashanyarazi zitanga agaciro kinyongera mukugabanya ubukana, rimwe na rimwe zinjiza $ 50 - 100 / kW-umwaka wongeyeho. Ariko ibibanza byingenzi ni bike kandi birahatanira cyane. Abashinzwe imiyoboro itandukanye (ISO) bafite amategeko atandukanye yo kwitabira bateri: ERCOT (Texas): CAISO (California): PJM (Hagati - Atlantike): Ibisobanuro byerekana umushinga ushobora kubaho. Igishushanyo cya batiri yatunganijwe neza kuri ERCOT yihuta market- amasoko yumurongo yakora nabi mubushobozi bwa PJM - imiterere yibanze. Iki nikibazo cya miliyoni 120 $ $ - muburyo busanzwe. Reka dusenye ubukungu bwimishinga nyayo hamwe nimibare ifatika uhereye vuba aha. Igiciro cy'ishoramari (igereranya 2024-2025): Amapaki ya bateri: $ 200-250 / kWt (kugwa vuba) Sisitemu yo guhindura ingufu (PCS): $ 50-80 / kWt Impirimbanyi ya sisitemu (BOS): $ 40-70 / kWt Kubaka no kwishyira hamwe: $ 60-100 / kWt Ubutaka, kubyemerera, guhuza: $ 30-60 / kWt Igiciro cyose cyashyizweho kuri 100 MW / 400 MWh sisitemu: Batteri: 400.000 kWh × $ 225 / kWh=miliyoni 90 PCS: 100.000 kW × $ 65 / kW=miliyoni 6.5 BOS nibindi: 100.000 kW × $ 225 / kW=miliyoni 22.5 Bose hamwe: miliyoni 119(cyangwa hafi $ 1,190 / kWt na $ 298 / kWt) Amafaranga yo gukora buri mwaka: Kubungabunga no gukurikirana: $ 25 / kW - umwaka=miliyoni 2.5 Kwiyongera (kugumana ubushobozi nkuko bateri yangirika): $ 12 / kW - umwaka=miliyoni 1.2 Ubwishingizi n'ubukode bw'ubutaka: $ 8 / kW - umwaka=$ 800,000 Bose hamwe: miliyoni 4.5 z'amadolari Ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza (Texas ERCOT urugero, 2024): Amabwiriza yumurongo: MW 50 yatanzwe, $ 55 / kW - umwaka=miliyoni 2.75 Ubukemurampaka bwingufu: ~ 300 cycle / mwaka, impuzandengo ya $ 35 / MWh ikwirakwizwa nyuma yigihombo, 400 MWh=miliyoni 4.2 $ Serivisi zinyongera (kuzunguruka, nibindi): $ 18 / kW - umwaka usigaye MW 50=900,000 Kugabanya ubukana bwumuriro: $ 12 / kW - umwaka (ahantu - biterwa)=miliyoni 1.2 Bose hamwe: miliyoni 9.05 z'amadorali yose hamwe Amafaranga yinjira buri mwaka: Garuka ibipimo: Kwishura byoroshye: imyaka 26 (ntibishoboka) Ariko rindira - ongeraho gushimangira ... Inguzanyo yimisoro yishoramari (30% muri 2024): - $ 35.7M yo kugabanya ibiciro Igishoro cyagenwe: miliyoni 83.3 z'amadolari Kwishura byoroshye hamwe na ITC: imyaka 18.3 IRR harimo ITC nagaciro gasigaye: ~ 8-9% Ibyo ni marginal. Garuka 8-9% gukuraho gusa inzitizi kubikorwa byimishinga remezo. Iyi niyo mpamvu: Bateri nyinshi za gride ziterwa ninkunga(ITC, inkunga ya leta, amasezerano yingirakamaro) kugirango agere ku nyungu zemewe Abimuka kare bafashe ibyiza byizaIyo ERCOT yari ifite ububiko buke, amabwiriza yumurongo yishyuye $ 80 / kW - umwaka. Mugihe cya 2025, bizaba hafi $ 40 / kW - umwaka mugihe isoko ryuzura isoko. Kwinjiza amafaranga ni ngombwaImishinga ishingiye kumurongo umwe winjira birananirana. Ugomba gufata 3-5 zinyuranye zagaciro kugirango imibare ikore. Gutesha agaciro byica imishinga idakomeye:Batare itesha agaciro 20% byihuse kuruta icyitegererezo ihindura umushinga wunguka cyane ugahomba amafaranga. Aha niho ubuhanga bwubuhanga butandukanya abatsinze guhomba. Bateri nyinshi za gride wunvise zapimwe kumasaha 4 -. Ibi ntabwo ari ubushake-niho ubukungu bwifashe. Impamvu amasaha 4 yabaye asanzwe: Ubusanzwe ibiciro byamashanyarazi buri munsi bifite impinga imwe nini - mubisanzwe nimugoroba (6-9 PM). Imirasire y'izuba ikora "duck curve" aho ukeneye kubika amasaha 3-4 y'izuba rirenze izuba riva kugirango urekure mugihe cya nimugoroba. Gufata ibiciro bya buri munsi swing byishyura bateri. Ariko kubika amasaha 8, 12, cyangwa 24? Imibare iratandukana. Ikibazo cyo kumara igihe: Kugenda kuva 4 - isaha kugeza 8 - igihe cyamasaha bisaba gukuba kabiri ingano yububiko bwa bateri mugihe ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bigumaho. Wongeyeho $ 400 / kW muri selile ya batiri kugirango wenda winjize $ 80 / kW-mwaka-yumwaka muri arbitrage yingufu-ishoramari riteye ubwoba. Amafaranga yiyongera kuva kumasaha 5-8 ari munsi cyane yamasaha 1-4. Ibi birema igisenge gisanzwe. Kuri lithium - ion, ahantu heza mubukungu ni amasaha 2-6. Hejuru yibyo, ukeneye tekinoroji zitandukanye. Niki cyuzuza icyuho cyigihe? Amasaha 8-24 (igihe giciriritse):Bateri zitemba, kubika ingufu zo mu kirere zifunitse, birashoboka ko lithium yateye imbere - ion hamwe nigiciro gito cya selile Amasaha 24-100 (igihe kirekire):Ububiko bwa hydrogène, ububiko bwumuriro, birashoboka ibyuma - bateri zo mu kirere niba zicuruza Igihembwe (ibyumweru ukwezi):Amashanyarazi yavomye ububiko, hydrogen, cyangwa ntakindi (gihenze cyane hamwe nubuhanga bugezweho) Minisiteri ishinzwe ingufu muri Amerika ifite gahunda yo kubika ingufu ndende<$0.05/kWh storage cost for 10+ hour duration. Current lithium-ion is ~$0.15-0.20/kWh for 4-hour storage. That 3-4× cost reduction is needed to make long-duration storage economically viable at scale. Nukuri - imbogamizi yisi: Systems with >90% byingufu zishobora gukenera ibyumweru byo kubika kugirango bikemure "dunkelflaute" (ijambo ryikidage ryumuyaga utagira umuyaga, ibyumweru bicu). Ntabwo dufite tekinoroji ifatika mubukungu kugeza ubu. Niyo mpamvu abahanga bavuga 60 - 80% byinjira byinjira nkibishobora kugaragara hafi yintego zigihembwe -, byuzuza icyuho kubyara gaze gasanzwe kugeza igihe tekinoroji yo kubika igihe kirekire ikuze. Haraheze imyaka, abahinga bahanuye ko bateri za EV zizinjira mububiko bwa gride nyuma yizabukuru ryimodoka. Muri 2025, amaherezo biraba. Redwood Materials '63 MWh isegonda - ikigo cyubuzima cyerekana icyitegererezo: Batteri ya EV igumana ubushobozi bwa 70-80% mugihe porogaramu zikoresha imodoka zizabasezeye, ariko ibyo nibyinshi mububiko bwa gride ihagaze aho uburemere nubunini bifite bike. Ubukungu bwa kabiri - bateri yubuzima: Batare nshya: $ 200-250 / kWt Batiri ya EV ivuguruye: $ 100-150 / kWt (ikubiyemo gukusanya, kugerageza, gusubiramo) Kuzigama: 30-40% Ikibazo gikomeje kuba ibikoresho no gutandukana. Bitandukanye na bateri nshya aho utumiza ibice bisa, icya kabiri - bateri yubuzima ni uruvange rwa chimisties, ingano, hamwe na leta zitesha agaciro. Redwood yabikemuye hamwe na "sisitemu yumusemuzi" sisitemu yo gucunga bateri ihuza ubwoko butandukanye bwa batiri - ariko ikora neza. Nkuko kwakirwa na EV byihuta, muri 2030 hashobora kuba 1 - 2 TWh ya bateri ya EV yasezeye iboneka buri mwaka-bihagije kugirango amashanyarazi yose muri Amerika muminsi myinshi. Uku gutanga isoko bizavugurura ububiko bwububiko. Abashinzwe kubika bateri barenga amategeko yoroshye - yoherejwe muburyo bwo kwiga imashini zerekana ibiciro, imiterere ya gride, hamwe no kugabanya iyangirika - vs - ubucuruzi bwinjiza - mugihe nyacyo -. Icyo AI ishoboza: Guteganya ibiciro ukurikije ikirere, imiterere yamateka, hamwe nisoko ryisoko Gupiganwa byikora mumasoko menshi icyarimwe Gutesha agaciro - kumenya kohereza (gusiganwa ku magare bitagoranye iyo marike ari nto) Guteganya guteganya (gutahura selile zananiranye mbere yo gutsindwa kw'ibiza) Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na MIT 2024 bwerekanye ko AI - bateri yatunganijwe yinjije 15 - 22% yinjiza menshi kuruta sisitemu gakondo ihindura imishinga ya marginal yunguka. Tegereza kohereza AI guhinduka imigabane kumeza muri 2026. Aho kubaka megaprojects ikomatanyirijwe hamwe, ibikorwa bimwe na bimwe bikusanya bateri ibihumbi n'ibihumbi (nka Tesla Powerwalls) muri "amashanyarazi asanzwe." Gahunda yo kugabanya imizigo yihutirwa ya Californiya yakusanyije bateri 17,000 murugo 2024, itanga MW 275 yubushobozi bworoshye mugihe cyizuba. Ibyiza: Ntakibazo cyo kohereza (bateri zimaze guhuzwa kurwego rwo kugabura) Kohereza byihuse (nta ruhushya rwingirakamaro - imbuga nini) Amafaranga yo kwishyiriraho make (piggyback kumirasire y'izuba) Inzitizi: Umutekano wa cyber (guhuza ibikoresho ibihumbi n'ibihumbi bitera hejuru yibitero) Umunaniro wabakiriya (abantu ntibakunda kuzunguruka cyane mugihe cyihutirwa) Ubushobozi buke (bateri zo guturamo zifite ibindi byihutirwa nka backup power) Kugeza 2030, amashanyarazi asanzwe ashobora kugereranya 20 - 30% yububiko rusange bwo muri Amerika - kudasimbuza bateri yingirakamaro ahubwo ikuzuzanya. Amasoko y'amashanyarazi agezweho yateguwe mugihe amashanyarazi yoherejwe n’ibimera biva mu kirere. Batteri ntabwo ihuye neza - ni abaguzi, amashanyarazi, na serivisi za gride icyarimwe. Ivugurura ry’isoko rirakomeje: Co - gutezimbere ingufu na serivisi zinyongera:Kwemerera bateri guhinduka hagati yamasoko mu buryo bukomeye Ububiko - ibicuruzwa byihariye:Nka "igisubizo cyihuta" gisubiza ibihe bya milisegonda Amategeko yo kwemerera ubushobozi:Ni bangahe "ubushobozi buhamye" bateri yamasaha 4 itanga? (Impaka zikomeje) FERC Iteka 841 (2018) ryafunguye amasoko menshi kububiko, ariko kubishyira mubikorwa bikomeje kuba akajagari. Tegereza gukomeza gushushanya isoko kugeza 2030 mugihe ububiko bwiyongera kuva kuri 2% kugeza kubishobora 10-15% byubushobozi bwa gride. Bateri ya kijyambere ya lithium fer fosifate isanzwe imara 6,000-10,000 yuzuye mbere yo kwangirika kugera kuri 80% yubushobozi bwumwimerere. Hamwe n'amagare ya buri munsi, iyo ni imyaka 15-25 yubuzima bukora. Ariko, gusiganwa ku magare bikabije kugenga inshuro birashobora kugabanya ibi kugeza ku myaka 10-15. Imishinga myinshi iteganya kongera bateri buri myaka 7-10 kugirango igumane ubushobozi bwizina. Ubukungu. Kubika ibihe bisaba gufata ingufu mubyumweru cyangwa ukwezi. Bateri yamasaha 4 igura ~ $ 300 / kWh yashizwemo. Kugirango ubike ingufu mumezi, wakenera 100 × nini ya paki ya batiri, ugasunika ibiciro kurwego rwinyenyeri. Kubijyanye: ibyumweru 6 byo kubika ingufu za Amerika bisaba hafi miliyari 200 z'amadolari muri bateri (hafi 10 GDP GDP). Ubundi buryo bwa tekinoroji nka hydrogène amaherezo irashobora gukora mububiko bwigihe, ariko turi mumyaka yubuzima bwiza. Ibyago ni bike ariko ntabwo - zeru hamwe na sisitemu igezweho. Batteri ya Litiyumu fer fosifate (LFP), ubu isanzwe ya gride, ifite umutekano cyane kuruta imiti ya kera. Ubushyuhe bwo guhunga ubushyuhe buri hejuru, kandi ntiburekura ogisijeni mugihe cyo gutsindwa. Ibikoresho bigezweho birimo amashusho yumuriro, gutahura gaze, no kuzimya umuriro. Igipimo cyo gutsindwa imibare ni hafi 1 kuri 10,000 MWh - imyaka. Kugereranya, ibihingwa bya gaze gasanzwe bifite ibyago byo guturika, kandi amakara yangiza imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Muri rusange, ububiko bwa bateri bwakozwe neza ni bwiza kuruta ubundi buryo. Kumwanya muto - igihe cyo hejuru (2 - amasaha 4), yego - kandi bihendutse. Kubisabwa byiyongereye (8+ amasaha) cyangwa imbeho ikonje imara iminsi, oya. Litiyumu y'ubu - bateri yibasiye ubukungu burenze amasaha 6. Niyo mpamvu abahanga babona bateri zuzuzanya, zidasimbuwe neza, kubyara gaze. Mugihe ibyinjira byiyongera byiyongera, tuzakenera tekinoroji yo kubika iminsi myinshi (bateri zitemba, hydrogène, umwuka uhumanye) kugirango turandure burundu ibimera byabitswe. Biterwa nibyo bateri yimura. Niba bateri ibitse ingufu z'izuba ubundi byagabanywa kandi igasimbuza ingufu za gaze ya gaze, kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ni - hafi 0.4 - 0.5 kg CO2 kuri kilowati yo kubyara gaze birinze. Ariko, niba bateri yishyuye mumakara - gride iremereye hanyuma ikarekurwa nyuma, kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ni bike kubera gutakaza ingendo-ngendo. Agaciro nyako kava mubishobora gusubirwamo byongeye mugukemura ikibazo cyigihe gito. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ububiko bwa gride butuma ubushobozi bwa 10-15% bushobora kongerwa kuri GW yububiko bwamasaha 4 bwashyizweho. Kugeza ubu gutunganya ibintu 90 - 95% byibikoresho byagaciro (lithium, cobalt, nikel) biva mumapaki ya batiri. Ibigo nka Redwood Materials na Li - Cycle yubaka gigawatt - ibikoresho byo gutunganya. Igikorwa cyo gutunganya ibicuruzwa kirimo gutemagura selile, gutandukanya ibikoresho binyuze muri hydrometallurgical cyangwa pyrometallurgical process, no kubitunganya bigasubira mubwiza bwa bateri. Ibikoresho bisubirwamo birashobora gukora bateri nshya kuri ~ 70% igiciro na ~ 60% imyuka yubucukuzi bwinkumi. Mugihe umuraba wa mbere wa bateri ya gride ugeze mu kiruhuko cyizabukuru (2030-2035), ibikorwa remezo byo gutunganya ibicuruzwa bizagira uruhare runini mu gukomeza amasoko arambye. Ibintu bitatu byiganje: ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu, kwinjiza isoko, no gushigikira leta. Texas na Californiya bifite izuba ryinshi / umuyaga mwinshi (gushiraho amahirwe yubukemurampaka), amasoko menshi yo kugurisha (gutanga ibisubizo byihuse), hamwe na politiki yo gushyigikira (inguzanyo zumusoro, manda). Hagati aho, leta nka Kentucky cyangwa Virginie y’Iburengerazuba zifite amakara - imiyoboro iremereye (ihindagurika ry’ibiciro biri hasi), amasoko y’ibikorwa bigenga (amarushanwa make), na manda ntoya ishobora kongerwa. Kugeza ubwo ibintu byose uko ari bitatu bihuye, kubika ububiko biguma ari bike. Leta ishigikira (ITC) irafasha, ariko politiki ya - urwego rukomeje kuba ingirakamaro. Ububiko bwa gride yububiko bwavuye kuri zeru muri 2013 bugera kuri 26 GW muri Amerika muri 2024-byihuta cyane. Ubu birahagije guha amashanyarazi hafi miliyoni 20 mumasaha 4. Ariko imiterere yibyingenzi: ubushobozi bwo gutanga Amerika muri rusange ni 1,230 GW. Batteri zerekana 2% gusa. Ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ingufu kigereranya ko dukeneye ububiko bwa gride 35 × mu 2030 kugira ngo tugere ku ntego z’ikirere - ziva kuri 26 GW zigera kuri 900 GW mu myaka itandatu. Ibyo wongeyeho ububiko bwinshi buri mezi abiri kurenza kubaho muri 2020. Birashoboka? Inzira zivuga wenda. Ibiciro byagabanutse 90% mumyaka icumi ishize. Igihe cyo kwishyiriraho cyagabanutse kuva kumezi 18 kugeza kumezi 6. Iminyururu yo gutanga irakura. Gukoresha AI byongera 15 - 20% agaciro keza kuri buri bateri. Ubuzima bwa kabiri-bateri ya EV irema ibintu bishya, bihendutse. Ariko ibibazo bitatu bikomeje kubaho: Ikiringo: Dukeneye ububiko bwamasaha 10+ kugirango dusunike hejuru ya 80% ishobora kuvugururwa. Ikoranabuhanga rirahari (bateri zitemba, icyuma - umwuka, hydrogène) ariko ibiciro bikomeza 2-3 × hejuru cyane. Iterambere rirakenewe, ntabwo ryiyongera. Igipimo: Kubaka 900 GW yo kubika bisaba miliyari 400-500 z'amadolari y'ishoramari hiyongereyeho kwiyongera cyane muri lithium, nikel, na cobalt. Iminyururu itanga igomba gukura 10 × mugihe icyarimwe amashanyarazi n'ibinyabiziga nibindi byose. Amacupa asa nkaho byanze bikunze. Igishushanyo mbonera: Amasoko yamashanyarazi agezweho ntabwo yubatswe kububiko bwihariye. Ivugurura ryigenga rigenda gahoro kuruta ikoranabuhanga. Gutondekanya agaciro bifasha, ariko kuvugurura isoko ryibanze bizakenerwa mugihe ububiko bwiyongera kuva kuri 2% bugera kuri 15-20% byubushobozi bwose. Fizika irakora. Ubukungu bugezeyo. Igikomeje gushidikanywaho ni ukumenya niba inzitizi zinzego (zemerera, guhuza, amategeko yisoko) zishobora guhinduka vuba bihagije. Ububiko bwa gride ntabwo ari umutangaza wibitangaza byingufu zisukuye - ni tekinoroji ikomeye ituma duhatanira gukoresha mumico - guhindura igipimo. Niba turi kwiruka vuba bihagije ntabwo bizasobanuka kugeza 2030. Inkomoko yamakuru Ikigo gishinzwe amakuru muri Amerika gishinzwe ingufu (eia.gov): Imibare yubushobozi, amakuru yoherejwe, isesengura ryisoko Laboratoire yigihugu ishinzwe ingufu (nrel.gov): Ibisobanuro bya tekiniki, ibishushanyo mbonera, ubushakashatsi bwo kwishyira hamwe Ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ingufu (iea.org): Uburyo bwo kubika isi, Net Zero ibisabwa Igiti Mackenzie / Ishyirahamwe ry’amashanyarazi meza muri Amerika: Ibiteganijwe ku isoko, amakuru yo kwishyiriraho Ubushakashatsi Bukuru (grandviewresearch.com): Ingano yisoko hamwe nibiteganijwe gukura Ibikoresho Byambere Byingufu (Wiley): Isesengura ryumutekano tekinike, ubushakashatsi bwo gutesha agaciro MIT Ingufu Zitangiza (Amakuru ya MIT): Ubushakashatsi bwa batiri, ubushakashatsi bwa AI Isubiramo rya Kamere Ikoranabuhanga risukuye: Kugereranya tekinoroji ya bateri, gusesengura ubuzima Gukoresha Dive, Itangazamakuru rya Canary: Amakuru yinganda, amatangazo yumushinga Inkuba Yavuze Ingufu (thundersaidenergy.com): Kugaragaza ubukungu, gusesengura ibiciroIgice cya 3: Sisitemu yubukungu (Uruhare rwisoko ninjiza)
Urujijo rwa MW vs MWh: Impamvu Imibare yombi ifite akamaro
Ubushobozi bw'ingufu (MWh)= Igihe gishobora gukomeza icyo gipimo
Kuva Kwishyuza Kugeza: Kuzenguruka
Umuyaga mwinshi urakomeye, ibisabwa ni bike. Ibiciro bya gride bigabanuka kugeza $ 18 / MWh. EMS itahura aya mahirwe yubukemurampaka kandi itangira kwishyurwa kuri MW 80 (hasigara MW 20 ya buffer kubintu bitunguranye). Sisitemu yubushyuhe yiyongera cyane mugihe ubushyuhe bwa bateri buzamuka kuva kuri dogere 22 kugera kuri dogere 28.
Imirasire y'izuba ntirazamuka ariko konderasi iratangira. Ibiciro bisimbuka $ 45 / MWh. Batare isohora 30% yingufu zabitswe, yinjiza $ 27 / MWh ikwirakwizwa (nyuma yo gutakaza neza 15%). Leta yishyurwa igabanuka kuva 90% ikagera kuri 60%.
Imirasire y'izuba nini itera ibiciro nabi (- $ 5 / MWh). Batare yishyuza amahirwe. Noneho mu buryo butunguranye: urugomero rw'amashanyarazi rugenda kumurongo. Imiyoboro ya gride igabanuka kuva 60.00 Hz ikagera kuri 59.92 Hz muri milisegonda 800.
Izuba rirasa izuba rirenze. AC imizigo. Gusaba kuzamuka. Ibiciro bya roketi kugeza $ 285 / MWh. Batare isohora ubushobozi bwa MW 100 yuzuye mumasaha 2.5, ikava kuri 85% ikagera kuri 20% yumuriro. Ibi byinjiza hafi 47,000 $ yubukemurampaka bwonyine.
Ibiciro byishyurwa $ 32 / MWh. Batteri yishyuza byoroheje ubushobozi bwa 45%, igashyirwa kumunsi ukurikira. Ikomeza kubika ijoro ryose, yinjiza ubushobozi bwo kuboneka.
Ikoranabuhanga: Kuki Litiyumu - Ion Yiganje (Kuri ubu)
Litiyumu - Ion (Umugabane w'isoko 85%)
Ubundi buryo bwa tekinoroji igaragara
Electrolytes ibitswe mu bigega bitandukanye, ivomwa mu byumba byerekana. Irashobora gupima igihe itagendeye kububasha. Ubuzima burebure burigihe (10,000-20,000 cycle) ariko imikorere mike (65-75%) hamwe nigiciro cyo hejuru. Ibyiza kuri 8+ amasaha yo gusaba.
Uhumeka umwuka kugirango uhindure icyuma, hindura inzira yo gusohora. Ultra - ibikoresho bihendutse, igihe cyapimwe muminsi. Ariko ikoranabuhanga ntirikuze - imishinga yicyitegererezo irahari. Birashobora guhinduka igihe kirekire - igihe cyo kubika igihe cyamamajwe.
Koresha sodium nyinshi aho gukoresha lithium. Birashoboka 20 - 30% bihendutse mubipimo, umutekano, ariko imbaraga nke. Abashoramari b'Abashinwa bohereza imishinga ya gride ya mbere muri 2024-2025.
EV bateri "ikiruhuko" kuri 70 - 80% ubushobozi busigaye-buracyakoreshwa kuri progaramu ya gride. Redwood Materials yubatsemo ingufu za MWh 63 ziva muri bateri zikoreshwa na EV mu Kwakira 2025, zisaba kuzigama 30-40% hamwe na bateri nshya. Ibikoresho byo gucunga ibihumbi bitandukanye byubwoko bwa bateri bikomeza kuba ingorabahizi, ariko igitekerezo kirerekana ko ari cyiza.
Umutekano Ukuri: Ingaruka zumuriro no kugabanya
Ikibazo cyo Kwishyira hamwe: Ntabwo Gucomeka - na - Gukina
Guhuza umurongo Umurongo Wijoro
Uruhare rwo Kwitabira Isoko
Byihuse - gusubiza isoko rya serivisi zinyongera, co - gutezimbere ingufu nububiko, nta soko ryubushobozi (ingufu zose - gusa). Batteri ikora neza hano - niyo mpamvu Texas yashyizeho 3.2 GW nubwo amasoko yagenwe.
Ibikoresho bihagije (inshingano zubushobozi), umunsi utoroshye - imbere nisoko nyaryo - amasoko yigihe, ingero ziterwa ningufu zituruka kumirasire y'izuba -. Biragoye ariko byunguka niba ubiyoboye neza-7.3 GW yashizwemo.
Ubushobozi bwo gukora isoko, kwishyura - kubisabwa - ibisabwa, imikorere yihuse - ibicuruzwa bisubiza inshuro. Batteri irwanira hano ugereranije na gaze ya gaze.
Ubukungu: Batteri ya gride mubyukuri yinjiza amafaranga?
$ 9.05M yinjiza - $ 4.5M igiciro cyo gukora=$ 4.55M net
Igihe Ubukungu Bumara: Urukuta rw'amasaha 4 n'ibizakurikiraho
Kazoza: Ibigenda Bivugurura Ububiko bwa Gride
Icyakabiri - Batteri yubuzima igera ku munzani
Gukwirakwiza AI bigenda byingenzi
Amashanyarazi ya Virtual: Gukusanya Bateri Yatanzwe
Igishushanyo mbonera cy'isoko
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Bateri ya gride yamara igihe kingana iki mbere yo gukenera gusimburwa?
Kuki tudashobora gukoresha bateri ya gride kugirango tubike ingufu zigihe?
Ese bateri nini ya gride ishobora guteza akaga abaturage?
Batteri irashobora gusimbuza burundu ibihingwa bya gaze ya gaze?
Ni bangahe ububiko bwa gride ububiko bugabanya ibyuka bihumanya?
Bigenda bite kuri bateri ya gride amaherezo - yubuzima - ubuzima?
Kuki leta zimwe zifite bateri nyinshi za gride mugihe izindi zidafite hafi?
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