Sisitemu ya gride yububiko bwa sisitemu ikora binyuze mumikorere itatu - ihuza: urwego rwamashanyarazi ruhindura kandi rukabika ingufu zamashanyarazi nkingufu za chimique mumaselire ya bateri, urwego ruhindura amashanyarazi ruyobora imigendekere yuburyo bubiri hagati yububiko bwa DC na gride ya AC, kandi igenzura ryubwenge ritezimbere kwishyuza no gusohora hashingiwe kumiterere nyayo -.
Fondasiyo ya Electrochemical: Uburyo Ingufu Zibikwa
Intandaro ya buri gipimo cya gride ya sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za batiri zirimo inzira ya mashanyarazi ituma ibika ingufu. Litiyumu fer fosifate (LFP) na lithium nikel manganese cobalt oxyde (NMC) nuburyo bubiri bwa Li - ion za chimisties zikoresha ingufu za batiri, zifite agaciro kubushobozi bwazo bwinshi, ubwinshi bwingufu, hamwe nibisabwa bike.
Uburyo bwo kubika bukora binyuze mumiti ihindagurika. Mugihe cyo kwishyuza, amashanyarazi atwara lithium ion kuva muri cathode ikoresheje electrolyte ikagera kuri anode, aho zibitswe. Gusohora bihindura uru rugendo - ion zisubira muri cathode, zirekura electron zikora amashanyarazi. Ibi bibaho mu bihumbi ibihumbi bya selile bihujwe murukurikirane hamwe nuburinganire buringaniye kugirango ugere kuri voltage nubushobozi bukenewe.
Batteri yubucuruzi ubu ifite igipimo cyiza cya 75% kugeza 85%, kandi irashobora guhita isubiza impinduka zikenewe, mubisanzwe mumasegonda kugeza kumunota. Ubu buryo bwo gukora neza, buzwi nkurugendo - gukora neza, bipima imbaraga wagaruka ugereranije nibyo washyizemo.
Igipimo cyumubiri ni kinini. Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za batiri ifite ingufu za 50MW zisohoka mumasaha 4 (ubushobozi bwa 200MWh) irashobora kubika amashanyarazi ahagije kugirango amashanyarazi agera ku 10,000 mugihe cyamasaha ane -. Izi sisitemu ubusanzwe zifite hegitari 1 - 3 kandi zigizwe na moderi ya bateri amagana yabitswe mubikoresho byoherezwa mu kirere cyangwa ibikoresho byubatswe.
Guhindura imbaraga: Kuzuza ububiko bwa DC hamwe na gride ya AC
Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za batiri yububiko bubika ingufu nkumuyoboro utaziguye (DC), ariko amashanyarazi akora kumasoko asimburana (AC). Sisitemu yo guhindura imbaraga (PCS) ikora nkibice byingenzi, gucunga impinduka zombi hagati yuburyo bubiri.
Ibice bya PCS bigezweho birakora - mubisanzwe bigera kuri 95-98%, hamwe na seti nyinshi ukoresheje inverteri zombi kuburyo kwishyuza no gusohora bibaho binyuze mubikoresho bimwe. Mugihe cyo kwishyuza, PCS ihindura ingufu za AC ziva muri gride muri DC kugirango zibike bateri. Mugihe cyo gusohora, ihindura DC yabitswe isubira muri AC kuri voltage ikwiye hamwe ninshuro kugirango ihuze ibisabwa na gride.
Ubuhanga burenze guhinduka byoroshye. Ibice bya PCS bigezweho bitanga amabwiriza yumurongo wa voltage na voltage - serivisi zisanzwe zitangwa na turbine zizunguruka mumashanyarazi asanzwe. Kuva 2024, HPR niyo bateri nini muri Ositaraliya ifite gride - yo gukora ubushobozi, kwerekana bateri irashobora gutanga serivisi zihamye nka generator gakondo.
Umuvuduko wo gusubiza ugereranya itandukaniro rikomeye. BESS irashobora kwishura vuba cyangwa gusohora mugice cyamasegonda, byihuse kuruta amashanyarazi asanzwe; ifite igihe cyo gusubiza milisegonda, ugereranije niminota ya gaze cyangwa turbine. Ubu bushobozi bwihuse bwo gusubiza butuma bateri zifata imvururu zinshyi mbere yuko zishira mubibazo bikomeye.
Urwego rwubwenge: Gukwirakwiza no kugenzura
Sisitemu yo gucunga bateri (BMS) ikora nkubwonko bukora, guhora ukurikirana no gucunga selile ibihumbi. BMS yemeza ko selile ya bateri ikora neza mugukurikirana amashanyarazi, voltage, nubushyuhe kandi ikagereranya uko yishyurwa (SoC) hamwe na leta - ya - Ubuzima (SoH) kugirango ikumire ingaruka z'umutekano kandi ikore neza kandi ikore neza.
Kuringaniza selile byerekana imwe mumikorere ikomeye ya BMS. Ingirabuzimafatizo kugiti cya bateri byanze bikunze zigenda zitandukana murwego rwo kwishyuza bitewe nuburyo butandukanye bwo gukora nuburyo bukoreshwa. Hatabayeho gutabarwa, selile zidakomeye zangirika vuba, zikurura imikorere ya sisitemu. BMS isaranganya byimazeyo amafaranga kugirango selile zose ziringanire, zongere sisitemu muri rusange.
Hejuru ya BMS yicaye sisitemu yo gucunga ingufu (EMS), ifata ibyemezo - urwego rwo hejuru kubyerekeye igihe nogukoresha bateri. EMS ihuza amakuru menshi: amakuru nyayo - igihe ibiciro byamashanyarazi, iteganyagihe rigira ingaruka kumasoko ashobora kuvugururwa, gupima imirongo ya gride, hamwe nibisabwa byateganijwe. Ukurikije iri sesengura, rigena uburyo bwiza bwo kwishyuza no gusohora gahunda.
Porogaramu optimiz isesengura amakuru mubyukuri - mugihe cyo kumenya imikorere myiza - nkigihe nigihe cyo kwishyuza no gusohora umwanya uwariwo wose mugihe. Ibi biba bigoye cyane mugihe sisitemu ikurikirana inzira nyinshi zagaciro icyarimwe - wenda itanga amabwiriza yumurongo mugihe nanone ihindura ubukemurampaka bwingufu no gutegura ibishoboka byose.
Nukuri - Igikorwa cyisi: Inyigo ya Hornsdale
Amashanyarazi ya Hornsdale muri Ositaraliya yepfo yerekana aya mahame murwego. Kwiyinjizamo biranga MW 150/194 MWh ukoresheje sisitemu ya batiri ya Tesla Powerpack - ion, kandi irashobora gusohora byuzuye mugihe kirenze isaha, nubwo ibikorwa bisanzwe birimo gusiganwa ku magare.
Igisubizo cya sisitemu mugihe cyihutirwa cya grid yerekana ubushobozi bwayo. Ku ya 14 Ukuboza 2017, ubwo Loy Yang Amashanyarazi y’amakara yikubye inshuro eshatu atakaza igihombo gitunguranye cya MW 560, kwishyiriraho Hornsdale byatanze MW 7.3 kuri gride muri milisegonda kuko inshuro zagabanutse kugera kuri 49.8 Hz, bifasha guhagarika sisitemu mbere yuko amashanyarazi atinda ashobora kwitabira. Iki gisubizo cya milisegonda 100 cyabujije icyashoboraga kuba umwijima utangaje.
Ingaruka mu bukungu zabaye nyinshi. Nyuma y'amezi atandatu ikora, ikigo cy’amashanyarazi cya Hornsdale cyari gishinzwe 55% yo kugenzura inshuro nyinshi hamwe n’ibikorwa bifasha muri Ositaraliya yepfo, aho bateri yinjiza miliyoni 18 z’amadolari y’Amerika ku mwaka. Muri rusange, muri 2019, ibiciro bya gride byagabanutseho miliyoni 116 z'amadolari kubera imikorere ya HPR, hafi yo kuzigama hafi ya yose yaturutse ku masoko yo kugenzura no kugoboka aho HPR yagabanije ibiciro 91% kuva $ 470 / MWh ikagera kuri $ 40 / MWh.
Uburyo bukoreshwa na serivisi za gride
Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za batiri sisitemu ikora muburyo butandukanye, akenshi ihinduranya hagati yabo ishingiye kuri - igihe gikenewe cya gride nibimenyetso byubukungu.
Ingufu za Arbitragebikubiyemo kwishyuza iyo amashanyarazi ahendutse (mubisanzwe saa sita zijoro iyo izuba riva hejuru) no gusohora mugihe ibiciro biri hejuru (impinga zisabwa nimugoroba). Kubera umurongo utari - ugereranije n’ibiciro by’amashanyarazi, ibiciro biterwa no kwishyuza ni bike cyane ugereranije n’amafaranga yatanzwe mu gusohora iyo ibicuruzwa bikenewe ari byinshi, bigatuma isoko ry’ibiciro biri hasi - ubugari. Itandukaniro ryibiciro rishobora kuba ryinshi - batteri kumasoko amwe yagurishije ingufu $ 14,000 / MWh mugihe cyibibazo bikomeye.
Amabwiriza yinshuroIkomeza imiyoboro ihamye mugukomeza guhindura ibisohoka kugirango igumane inshuro nyinshi kwihanganira (mubisanzwe 60 Hz ± 0.1 Hz muri Amerika). Ibigega byizunguruka byashubijwe ni ibikoresho bihujwe ninshuro ya gride kandi bikoreshwa mugukemura ubusumbane butunguranye mubitangwa nibisabwa, nkibikorwa byambere byinjira muri bateri kuri gride.
Kogosha cyaneigabanya amafaranga menshi asabwa mugusohora mugihe kinini - mugihe cyo gukoresha. Abakiriya b’ubucuruzi n’inganda bahura n’ibisabwa hashingiwe ku minota 15 - yo gukuramo ingufu buri kwezi-bateri irashobora kugabanya cyane ibyo biciro mugutanga ingufu mugihe cyibihe byiza.
Kongera gushyakubikwa kubiri hamwe nizuba cyangwa umuyaga kugirango bitange ingufu nubwo umutungo kamere utaboneka. Imiyoboro myinshi igezweho - ibisubizo bya batiri byapimwe byapimwe kugirango bitange amasaha 2, 4, cyangwa 6 yamashanyarazi kubushobozi bwabo bwagenwe, hamwe nigihe cyateganijwe kubikorwa byihariye.
Kwishyuza no Gusohora Amagare: Ibisobanuro bya tekiniki
Amafaranga yishyurwa - gusohora ibintu bikubiyemo uburyo bwitondewe kugirango ubuzima bwa bateri burusheho kuba bwiza. Garanti nyinshi kuri sisitemu ya ESS yerekeye iherezo ryubuzima biterwa na garanti - inzinguzingo zijyanye - uko ibikorwa byabaye mu idirishya ryakozwe binyuze mu mbogamizi z’ubushyuhe, igipimo cya C -, ubujyakuzimu bw’ibisohoka, nigihe cyo kuruhuka.
C - igipimoasobanura uburyo bateri yihuta cyangwa isohora ugereranije nubushobozi bwayo. Igipimo cya 1C bisobanura kwishyuza byuzuye cyangwa gusohora mu isaha imwe; 0.5C ifata amasaha abiri. Igipimo C C - gishobora gutuma igisubizo cyihuta ariko kibyara ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi bigatera kwangirika vuba. Imiyoboro - sisitemu yubunini ikora kuri 0.25C kugeza 1C, iringaniza imikorere hamwe no kuramba.
Ubujyakuzimu bwo gusohoka (DoD)apima umubare wubushobozi bwa bateri ikoreshwa muri buri cyiciro. Batare yasohotse kuva 100% kugeza kuri 20% inararibonye 80% DoD. Ubuzima bwinzira - inshuro bateri ishobora kwishyurwa no gusohora mbere yo gutsindwa - ikunze kwibasirwa nuburebure bwamazi, urugero, inzinguzingo igihumbi kuri DoD ya 80%. Inzinguzingo zigenda zongerera igihe cyo kubaho, mugihe inzinguzingo zimbitse zitanga ubushobozi bukoreshwa.
Gucunga ubushyuhe ni ngombwa. Batteri ikora neza kandi neza mubushyuhe bwihariye (mubisanzwe 15 - 35 dogere ya lithium-ion). Sisitemu yo gucunga ubushyuhe ikwirakwiza ibicurane cyangwa ikoresha sisitemu ya HVAC kugirango igumane ubushyuhe bwiza, kuko ubushyuhe bwihuta bwangirika kandi bigatera ingaruka z'umutekano.
Gukura kw'isoko hamwe n'ihindagurika ry'ejo hazaza
Urwego rwa gride igipimo cya sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za sisitemu zirimo kwiyongera guturika. Muri Reta zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zamerika, ubushobozi bwo kubika batiri - ubushobozi bwo kubika bateri bwarengeje gigawatt 26 (GW) mu 2024, abayikora bakongeraho 10.4 GW yububasha bushya bwo kubika batiri muri uwo mwaka, bikaba bibaye ubwa kabiri - byongera ingufu nyinshi nyuma yizuba.
Ibishushanyo byerekana kwihutisha gahunda. Muri 2025, ubwiyongere bwubushobozi buva mububiko bwa batiri bushobora gushyiraho amateka nkuko ababikora bavuga ko bateganya kongera 19.6 GW yingirakamaro - ububiko bwa batiri kuri gride. Ibi byerekana 66% byiyongera umwaka - hejuru yumwaka -, biterwa nigabanuka ryibiciro no kongera ingufu zinjira mumashanyarazi.
Urusobe rw'isi - ingano yo kubika isoko ya batiri yagereranijwe igera kuri miliyari 10.69 z'amadolari mu 2024 bikaba biteganijwe ko mu 2030 izagera kuri miliyari 43.97 z'amadolari, ikazamuka kuri CAGR ya 27.0%. Iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga rikomeje gutera imbere kwaguka, hamwe na litiro - bateri ya ion yagabanutseho 99% kuva 1990, naho hafi 80% mu myaka 10 ishize.
Inzitizi zikorwa nigisubizo
Nubwo iterambere ryihuse, amashanyarazi ya bateri yingufu za sisitemu yo kubika ihura nimbogamizi nyinshi zikorwa. Hagati ya 2017 na 2019 muri Koreya y'Epfo honyine, habaye impanuka 28 z'umuriro, bituma ihagarikwa rya 522 ESS nyuma yo gusuzuma amabwiriza, bingana na 35% by'ibikorwa byose bya ESS. Ibi bintu, nubwo bidasanzwe ukurikije ibihumbi n'ibihumbi sisitemu zoherejwe, byatumye habaho iterambere muri sisitemu z'umutekano no gucunga amashyuza.
Gutanga ibikoresho birerekana ikindi kibazo. Igiciro cyambere cyambere nigiciro cyo gukomeza kirashobora kubuzwa, hamwe no gushingira kubikoresho nka lithium na cobalt bifite ihindagurika ryibiciro kandi kuboneka bike. Nyamara, inganda zirimo kwitabira guteza imbere ubundi buryo bwa chimisties - sodium - bateri ion, bateri yo mu kirere -, hamwe n’imikorere ya LFP igabanya cyangwa ikuraho guterwa na cobalt.
Gutezimbere kwinjiza bikomeje kuba ingorabahizi. Ikindi kintu kiranga ibintu byinshi - gutezimbere intera yerekana ibibazo ni uko bateri zishobora koherezwa kwishyurwa kubiciro biri hejuru yibiciro byabo kugirango bishyure niba ibiciro byinama ngishwanama mugihe kiri imbere byerekana ko ingufu zishobora kugurishwa kuri gride ku nyungu. Ibi bisaba guhanura bihanitse kandi nyabyo - icyemezo cyigihe - cyo gukora ubushobozi ntabwo abakoresha bose bafite.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Urusobemiyoboro - rushobora kugeza ryari?
Imiyoboro myinshi ya gride - irashobora kubika ingufu kumasaha kumunsi, bitewe nubushobozi bwabo. Sisitemu isanzwe iratangwa kugirango itange amasaha 2, 4, cyangwa 6 yumuriro kubushobozi bwabo. Igihe cyo kubika kigenwa no kugabanya ingufu (MWh) nubushobozi bwamashanyarazi (MW). Sisitemu 100 MW / 400 MWh irashobora gutanga ingufu zuzuye mumasaha 4 cyangwa ingufu zigihe gito mugihe kirekire.
Ni kangahe bateri ya gride ishobora gutabara byihutirwa?
Bateri ya gride isubiza muri milisegonda, byihuse cyane kuruta amashanyarazi asanzwe. BESS irashobora kwishura vuba cyangwa gusohora mugice cyamasegonda, byihuse kuruta generator isanzwe, hamwe nigihe cyo gusubiza milisegonda ugereranije niminota ya gaze cyangwa turbine. Iki gisubizo cyihuse kiba cyiza muburyo bwo kugenzura inshuro no gutabara byihutirwa.
Bigenda bite kuri bateri ya gride nyuma yubuzima?
Batteri ya gride isanzwe igumana 70 - 80% yubushobozi bwumwimerere nyuma yubuzima, bibaho nyuma yimyaka 10 - 20 bitewe nuburyo bukoreshwa. Batteri itagishoboye kubahiriza ibipimo byo gukoresha mumashanyarazi isanzwe ikomeza kugera kuri 80% yubushobozi bwabo bwose bwakoreshwa, kandi gusubiramo bateri zikoreshwa na EV bishobora kubyara agaciro gakomeye kumasoko yo kubika ingufu za gride. Ubuzima bwa kabiri bwubuzima bwongerera akamaro mbere yogusubiramo.
Nigute bateri ya gride yinjiza amafaranga?
Bateri ya gride yinjiza binyuze mumigezi myinshi. Imfunguzo ebyiri zo gukomeza inyungu zumushinga ni kwicara no kohereza optimiz, hamwe na batteri ifata igiciro gito -, karubone - ingufu zubusa no kohereza iyo ibiciro biri hejuru. Inkomoko yambere yinjiza ikubiyemo ubukemurampaka bwingufu (kugura make, kugurisha hejuru), serivisi zishinzwe kugenzura inshuro nyinshi, kwishyura ubushobozi, no kugabanya amafaranga yo kugura ibikoresho -.
Bateri ya gride irashobora gusimbuza burundu amashanyarazi ya fosile?
Ntabwo aribyose, byibuze sibyo. Ubukungu bworoshye bwerekana ko LIB idashobora gukoreshwa mu kubika ingufu zigihembwe - amadolari ya Amerika miliyoni 200 y’amadolari ya batiri (10 GDP GDP muri Amerika muri 2020) yashoboraga gutanga TWh 1000 gusa yo kubika. Batteri zubu ziruta amasaha - kugeza - iminsi yo kubika no gutanga serivisi byihuse, ariko igihe kirekire - kubika igihe (ibyumweru ukwezi) bisaba ubundi buryo bwa tekinoroji nka pompe hydro cyangwa ibisubizo bivuka nko kubika hydrogène cyangwa bateri zigezweho.
Nigute kwangirika kwa bateri gucungwa mugihe gikora?
Sisitemu yo gucunga bateri ikurikirana cyane kandi igenzura ibintu bitera kwangirika. Garanti kuri sisitemu ya ESS yerekeye iherezo ryubuzima biterwa no kubahiriza garanti - inzinguzingo zijyanye - uburyo ibikorwa byakorewe mu idirishya ryakozwe hakoreshejwe imbogamizi z’ubushyuhe, igipimo cya C -, ubujyakuzimu bw’ibisohoka n’ibiruhuko. Abakoresha batezimbere ingamba zo gusiganwa ku magare, bakomeza kugenzura ubushyuhe, kandi bakirinda kwishyurwa bikabije kugira ngo ubuzima bwabo bubeho, akenshi bagereranya ubushobozi bwa 80% busigaye nyuma ya 10,000-20.000.
Umwanzuro
Sisitemu ya sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za batiri yerekana ihinduka ryibanze muburyo amashanyarazi akora. Binyuze mu buryo buhanitse bwo kubika amashanyarazi, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, hamwe na sisitemu yo kugenzura ubwenge, ibyo bikoresho bitanga serivisi zitari zishoboka cyangwa zasabwaga imashini zizunguruka zipima toni ibihumbi.
Uburyo butatu - uburyo bukoreshwa - guhinduranya amashanyarazi, gucunga ingufu, no gutezimbere ubwenge - bifasha milisegonda - gusubiza imiyoboro ihamye, amasaha - imbaraga zihindagurika, hamwe nukuri - igihe cyo kuzamura ubukungu. Mugihe ibiciro bikomeje kugabanuka no kongera ingufu zinjira byiyongera, sisitemu zigenda ziva mubikorwa byibanze mubikorwa remezo byingenzi.
Ikoranabuhanga riracyafite imbogamizi zijyanye nigihe ntarengwa, iminyururu itanga ibikoresho, numutekano wumuriro. Nyamara inzira irasobanutse: kwishyiriraho byikuba kabiri mumyaka mike, ibiciro biragabanuka cyane, kandi ubushobozi bwibikorwa bukomeza kwaguka. Batteri ya gride ntabwo ibika ingufu gusa - zirimo zihindura muburyo buryo amashanyarazi akoresha itangwa nibisabwa mugihe nyacyo.