Sisitemu nziza yo kubika ingufu ziratandukanye cyane cyane mubucucike bwingufu, igihe cyo gusohora, nuburyo bwimiterere. Litiyumu - bateri ya ion irenze mugihe gito - kubika igihe hamwe nubucucike bwingufu zigera kuri 200 - 300 Wh / kg, mugihe hydro pompe yiganje bigenga - igihe kirekire hamwe na 9,000 GWh yubushobozi bwisi yose. Batteri zitemba zitanga 10, 000+ cycle zibaho mubucucike buri hasi ya 100 Wh / kg, kandi ikoranabuhanga rikomeye rya leta risezeranya 450 Wh / kg ariko rikaba rimaze imyaka myinshi yoherejwe mubucuruzi.
Sisitemu Nziza yo Kubika Ingufu: Ibipimo Byibanze Byerekana Ubuziranenge
Sisitemu yo kubika ikora kumurongo wubucuruzi hagati yingufu, ingufu, nigihe bimara. Gusobanukirwa iyi mibanire yibanze isobanura impamvu nta tekinoroji imwe yiganje mubikorwa byose.
Ubucucike bwimbaraga vs Ingufu
Batiyeri ya Litiyumu - ion itanga ingufu zidasanzwe kuri 500 W / kg, ituma kwishyurwa byihuse - gusohora ibintu byingenzi kugirango bigenzurwe. Ubushakashatsi bugereranya lithium - ion na batteri zitemba zabonetse lithium - ion igera kuri 200 Wh / kg yingufu zingana na 100 Wh / kg kuri sisitemu yo gutemba - a - na - inyungu imwe ihinduranya neza mubirenge bito kubushobozi bungana.
Ikinyuranyo cyubucucike gisobanura lithium - ion yiganjemo ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi hamwe na elegitoroniki ishobora gutwara. Tesla Powerwall ibika 13.5 kWhh hafi ya 114 kg, mugihe bateri ya redox itemba ya vanadium igera kubushobozi busa bisaba tanki nini zo hanze. Ubushakashatsi bwa Mercedes bukomeye - bateri ya leta igera kuri 450 Wh / kg mugihe ari 33% ntoya na 40% yoroshye ugereranije na lithium igereranijwe - ion.
Nyamara, ibyiza byubucucike bigabanuka mubikorwa bihagaze aho imbogamizi zumwanya zifite agaciro kari munsi yikiguzi cyose kuri kilowatt - isaha yabitswe.
Ubuzima bwa Cycle na Kalendari Ubuzima
Batteri zitemba zerekana kuramba kurenza ukwezi 10,000 hamwe nigihe cyo gukora kirenze imyaka 25. Gutandukanya imbaraga (stack) ningufu (tanks) ibice byemerera gupima kwigenga no gusimburwa. Bateri zitwara ibyuma zishobora kugera kubuzima butagira imipaka kuko inzira yo guhana ion irinda - kugeza - inzibacyuho ikomeye itesha agaciro lithium - selile.
Sisitemu ya lithium iriho - ion itanga 500 - 2000 inzinguzingo za chimisties zisanzwe, nubwo LiFePO4 ihinduka igera kuri 5, 000+. Batteri ikomeye ya reta iri gutezimbere intego 8,000-10,000 mukurandura kwangirika kwa electrolyte. Amashanyarazi ya pompe yamashanyarazi akora buri gihe 60+ hamwe nubushobozi buke.
Iyo usuzumye uburyo bwiza bwo kubika ingufu, itandukaniro rirambye rigira ingaruka zikomeye kubiciro bya nyirubwite. Bateri yatemba 30 - igihe cyumwaka bivuze ko kwishyiriraho rimwe bishobora kurenza ibisekuruza bitatu kugeza kuri bine byabasimbuye lithium-ion.
Uruziga - Urugendo rwiza
Kuzenguruka - ingendo zingendo zipima ingufu zagumishijwe binyuze mumashanyarazi - gusohora inzinguzingo. Litiyumu - bateri ya ion igera kuri 85 - 95% ikora neza, sisitemu ikomeye-isezeranya imikorere isa cyangwa nziza, mugihe bateri zitemba zisanzwe zitanga 70-85%.
Hydro pompe ikora kuri 70-85% ikora neza bitewe niboneza. Ububiko bwo guhumeka ikirere (CAES) bugera kuri 70-80% muri sisitemu ya adiabatic igezweho. Ububiko bwo kubika ingufu zumuriro buratandukanye cyane mugushyira mubikorwa, kuva kuri 50% muri sisitemu yumunyu ushongeshejwe kugeza 90% muburyo bumwe bwo kubika ubushyuhe bukomeye.
Itandukaniro ryimikorere ryuzuzanya hejuru yibihumbi. Ingaruka mbi ya 10% bivuze ko 10% byongera imirasire yizuba cyangwa turbine yumuyaga ikenewe kugirango itange ingufu zingana {{3} cost igiciro cyamafaranga akenshi kirenga kuzigama bateri.
Litiyumu - Ion: Umuyobozi w'isoko rya none
Litiyumu - tekinoroji ya ion yafashe 98% yububiko bushya bwo kubika ingufu za batiri mu 2024, aho isi yose igeze kuri 69 GW / 169 GWh. Uku kwiganza guturuka ku gipimo cyo gukora, kugabanya ibiciro bikomeza, hamwe nibikorwa byagaragaye mubikorwa bitandukanye.
Imiterere y'Ibiciro no Kugabanuka kwa vuba
Ikigereranyo cya sisitemu yo kugurisha ku isi yagabanutseho 40% kuva 2023 kugeza 2024, igera ku $ 165 / kWt nk'uko isesengura rya BloombergNEF ribigaragaza. Ubushinwa bwageze ku giciro cyo gukaza umurego ku madorari 101 / kWt, ugereranije n’ukuboza 2024 gupiganira amasoko ari munsi ya $ 66 / kWt ku bikoresho bya batiri hiyongereyeho na sisitemu yo guhindura amashanyarazi.
Amasoko yo muri Amerika n’Uburayi akomeje kubahenze kuri $ 236 / kWt na $ 275 / kWt. Iki cyuho cyibiciro kigaragaza ubushobozi burenze mubukorikori bwubushinwa, irushanwa rikaze ryimbere mu gihugu, hamwe nibyiza biva mugushiraho hafi kimwe cya kabiri cyubushobozi bwumwaka ku isi.
Ibiciro by'ipaki ya batiri byonyine byagabanutseho 20% umwaka - ku mwaka - kugeza mu 2024, bitewe n’ibiciro bya karubone ya lithium yagabanutse kuva ku cyorezo cya -. Guhinduranya kuri format ya 300Ah + selile byagabanije 5% kugabanya ibiciro bya sisitemu ya DC -, hamwe na selile nini zigereranya $ 137 / kWt na $ 144 / kWh kuri format nto.
Sisitemu yo gutura muri Amerika yaguze $ 200-400 / kWh yashyizweho mu 2025, ikamanuka ikava ku $ 1.000 / kWt mu 2022.
Imiterere ya Chimie nubucuruzi bwabo
LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Fosifate)
Yabaye chimie yiganje mububiko buhagaze guhera mumwaka wa 2022. Itanga umutekano wongerewe imbaraga binyuze mumashanyarazi, 5, {{2} life ubuzima bwikizamini, hamwe nigiciro gito cyibikoresho. Ubucucike bwingufu za 160-180 Wh / kg ikurikirana NMC ariko irerekana bihagije kubikorwa byashizweho. Sisitemu yubucuruzi ikoreshwa cyane na Tesla, LG Energy Solution, na BYD.
NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt)
Kugera ku mbaraga nyinshi kuri 200-250 Wh / kg ariko bisaba gucunga neza ubushyuhe. Ibyiza bikwiranye nibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi aho uburemere nubunini bwiganje. Ibirimo byinshi bya cobalt bizamura imyitwarire yimyitwarire hamwe nihindagurika ryibiciro.
Sodium - Batteri ya Ion
Ibishobora kuvuka ukoresheje sodium nyinshi aho gukoresha lithium nkeya. Iterambere rya vuba ryageze kuri ionic conducivite irenze sodium isanzwe ikurikije gahunda imwe yubunini. Ubucuruzi bushobora guteganijwe hafi 2026 - 2027. Birashobora kugabanya umuvuduko wogutanga nubwo byerekana ingufu nke ugereranije na lithium-ion.
Koresha Ahantu heza
Litiyumu - ion iruta 2 - Amasaha 4 yo kubika igihe izuba riva buri munsi. Kaliforuniya ikoresha - bateri yapimye ubu yiganjemo ibice bine - amasaha, yishyuza izuba rirenze izuba riva hanyuma ikarekura mugihe cyo hejuru. Ibi 61% bya Q 4 2024 Ibikorwa bya Amerika muri Texas na Californiya byerekana imbaraga za gride.
Kwakira amazu byiyongereyeho 57% muri 2024 bigera kuri MW 1,250. Ba nyiri urugo baha agaciro imbaraga zububiko, TOU amahirwe yo gukemura, hamwe nizuba - gukoresha neza. Sisitemu ihuza hamwe nizuba hejuru yinzu hamwe nubuyobozi bwimbaraga zo murugo.
Ubushobozi bwihuse bwo gusubiza bushoboza serivise zihamye. Inverteri ya bateri itanga inertie yubukorikori hamwe nigisubizo cyihuse, nubwo ikomeje gufata amazi ya hydro yatanzwe nimbaraga za sisitemu.
Bateri zitemba: Guhitamo Hejuru Muburyo bwiza bwo Kubika Ingufu Zirebire - Ibikenewe
Flow tekinoroji ya batiri, ihagaze neza muri sisitemu nziza yo kubika ingufu, ibika ingufu mubisubizo byamazi ya electrolyte azenguruka binyuze mumashanyarazi. Ubu bwubatsi bukuramo imbaraga (ingano ya stack) uhereye ku mbaraga (ingano ya tank), bigatuma igiciro - gupima neza kugeza kumasaha 10-12.
Bateriyeri ya Redadium Redox (VRFB)
VRFB ikoresha ioni ion muri leta enye za okiside nka catholyte na anolyte. Iyi chimie ya simmetrike ikuraho umusaraba - ibibazo byanduye byanduye bivanze - bateri ya chimie. Sisitemu igera kuri 10, 000+ inzinguzingo zifite ubushobozi buke.
Ubucucike bwingufu buguma hasi kuri 25-35 Wh / kg kubera imipaka yo kugabanuka muri electrolytite yo mumazi. Nyamara, kububiko buhagaze aho uburemere bufite akamaro gake, ubushobozi bwo kugumana ubushobozi bwa 80% nyuma yinzinguzingo 20.000 burenze ibibi.
Kugeza ubu ikiguzi cy’imari kirenga lithium - ion ku $ 400 - 700 / kWh yashyizwe mu masoko atari -. Nyamara, hafi - zeru zeru bivuze ko igiciro cyo kubika gishobora kugabanuka lithium-ion kubisabwa bisaba 6+ amasaha yo kumara.
Amashanyarazi ya Batiri
ESS Inc hamwe nabandi bakora inganda bateza imbere ibyuma - umunyu - chimie yamazi nkumutekano kandi urambye kuruta vanadium. Ubwinshi bw'icyuma kandi butari - ibintu bifite uburozi bigabanya ingaruka ziterwa no gutanga ingaruka ku bidukikije.
Sisitemu ikora kuri degree- dogere 10 kugeza kuri dogere 60 idafite imicungire yubushyuhe, ikuraho ibiciro remezo bikonje. Urugomero rw'amashanyarazi rwa McIntosh muri Alabama rwerekana ubushobozi bwa 25 -. Ibisabwa byo guhumeka ni bike ugereranije nibikorwa byingirakamaro bya lithium-ion itegeka sisitemu nini yo kuzimya umuriro.
Bateri zitemba zikwiranye cyane no kwishyira hamwe aho buri munsi amasaha 8-12 yo gusohora byuzuza agaciro. Igikoresho cyo muri Chili cyohereje sisitemu ya ESS muri Patagonia yangiza ibidukikije byumwihariko kubwumutekano wabo no kuramba.
Umwanya wo Kurushanwa
Bateri zitemba zihura nu masoko aho lithium - ibiciro bya ion bikomeje kugabanuka. Mu Bushinwa, sisitemu ikoresha ububiko bwa cave isanzwe ikomeza kuba igiciro - irushanwa na lithium - ion muri iki gihe. Nyamara, amasoko yo muri Amerika nu Burayi hamwe na lithium yo hejuru - ion itanga amahirwe meza yo gukoresha bateri yatemba.
Ubushakashatsi buherutse kugereranya tekinoroji ya batiri ya sisitemu ishobora kuvugururwa yasanze bateri ya vanadium redox iruta lithium - ion ku bipimo byubuzima nubwo ibiciro biri hejuru. Sodiyumu - ion bateri yerekanaga igihe gito cyo kwishyura karubone, mugihe bateri zitemba zitanga igihe kirekire - ubukungu bwigihe kirekire kubikorwa byingirakamaro.
Pompe Hydro: Igihangange cyashyizweho
Ububiko bwa hydro pompe (PHES) bugizwe na 9,000 GWh yububiko bwisi - burenze cyane tekinoroji ya batiri yose hamwe hamwe na 363 GWh. Uyu mugabane wa 96% mububiko bwisi yose ugaragaza gukura kwikoranabuhanga, igipimo kinini, namateka yimikorere irenga imyaka 60.
Ubwubatsi n'Ubukungu
Sisitemu ya PHES ivoma amazi mubigega byo hejuru mugihe gito -, hanyuma ikarekura binyuze muri turbine kugirango ibisekuru bishoboke. Itandukaniro ryuburebure bwa 100 - metero 1.000 zibika imbaraga za rukuruzi zishobora guhinduka amashanyarazi kuri 70-85% ingendo-ngendo.
Igiciro cy’imari kiri hagati y $ 1.500 - 3.500 / kWh yububiko bwo kubika - hejuru ya lithium - ion $ 400-1,200 / kWt. Nyamara, 60+ umwaka wigihe cyo gukora hamwe no kugabanuka kwinshi bitanga umusaruro muke ugereranije kurwego rwo kubika igihe kirekire. Ibiciro byo gukora bikomeza kuba bike hamwe namazi nkamazi akora aho gutesha agaciro imiti ya batiri.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe muri Ositaraliya 2024 bwerekanye ko pompe yabitswe ipiganwa hamwe na batiri ya lithium - ion iyo ubushobozi bwo kubika burenze igipimo cy’uburebure bw’inyubako-metero 150 kubikoresho bya tank / tank, metero 50 zo gushiraho tank / imigezi. Kwinjizamo imigezi yegeranye nkububiko bwo hasi bugabanya cyane ibisabwa hejuru yinzu.
Gufunga - Loop vs Uruzi - Sisitemu ishingiye
Benshi mu baturage bahangayikishijwe n'ingaruka z’amashanyarazi yibanda ku ngaruka z’urugomero. Ariko, urubuga rwiza rwa PHES ntirusaba inzuzi. Isi yose atlas yerekanye 35,000 ishobora gufungwa - ikibanza cyahujwe muri Amerika yonyine - ukoresheje ibiyaga, ibigega, cyangwa intego - byubatswe hejuru no hepfo.
Umushinga wa Kidston wo muri Ositaraliya wongeye kwerekana ibyobo bya zahabu byatawe nk'ibigega. Ubu buryo bwirinda guhungabanya urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima mu gihe rutanga amasaha 8-12 akenewe mu guhuza umuyaga n’izuba. Sisitemu ebyiri zo muri Ositaraliya zirimo kubakwa zizatanga ingufu nyinshi kuruta bateri zose zikoreshwa kwisi yose hamwe.
Geografiya ikomeje kuba inzitizi yibanze. Imbuga zisaba itandukaniro rinini cyane hamwe na geologiya ikwiye yo kubaka ikigega. Imishinga ifata imyaka 4-5 kugirango irangize amezi 6 yo gushiraho bateri, bigabanya ubushobozi bwo kohereza vuba.
Inzira y'Isoko
Ubushobozi bwo kubika bateri bushobora kuba burenze hydro pompe mumashanyarazi (GW) mugihe cya 2025 kubera ubwiyongere bwa bateri. Nyamara, pompe hydro ifite ingufu nini (GWh) inyungu izakomeza kumara imyaka mirongo.
Buri mwaka pompe yongeweho hydro yagereranije 2.7 GW mumyaka makumyabiri, nubwo Ubushinwa bwashyizeho 7.2 GW muri 2016 honyine. Isesengura rya vuba ryerekana ko Ubushinwa busaba hydro pompe nziza kandi ikanagurwa no kohereza bateri kugirango itangwe neza. Hydro pompe itanga 8+ isaha yigihe cyigihe - neza, mugihe bateri zitanga ibintu byoroshye kandi byihuse ibisubizo - inshingano zuzuzanya kuruta guhatana.
Bikomeye - Batteri ya Leta: Abazaza
Ikomeye - tekinoroji ya leta isimbuza amazi / gel electrolytite nibikoresho bikomeye (ceramics, polymers, cyangwa sulfide), ihindura cyane imikorere ya bateri hamwe numwirondoro wumutekano. Muri sisitemu nziza yo kubika ingufu muri iki gihe mu iterambere, bateri za leta zikomeye - zigaragara cyane kubera ingufu nyinshi, igihe kirekire, n'umutekano wongerewe. Abakora ibinyabiziga bikomeye barimo Toyota, BMW, na Mercedes bashora miriyari zigamije gutangiza 2026-2028.
Ibyiza bya tekinike hejuru ya Litiyumu - Ion
Ubucucike bw'ingufu bugera kuri 250 - 800 Wh / kg bitewe n'iboneza. Mercedes yageze kuri 450 Wh / kg muri prototypes yubushakashatsi - ituma 33% igabanya ingano na 40% yo kuzigama ibiro hamwe na sisitemu ya lithium-ion igereranijwe. Iterambere ryubwinshi rishobora gusunika ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi kurenza kilometero 1.000 kwishyurwa.
Electrolytes ikomeye ikuraho ingaruka ziterwa no gutwikwa na electrolytite. Ubushyuhe bwo guhumeka - urunigi rutera lithium - ion umuriro - ntishobora kugaragara muburyo bukomeye - selile za leta. Iterambere ryumutekano rishobora gukuraho sisitemu zihenze zo gucunga ubushyuhe no kugabanya ibisabwa byo kuzimya umuriro.
Intego zubuzima bwa 8,000 - Amafaranga 10,000 arenga lithium isanzwe - ion na 3-5x. Kubura kwamazi ya electrolyte yangirika hamwe na firime ikomeye ya electrolyte ikora ifasha kuramba. Sisitemu zimwe zigerageza zerekana inzinguzingo 100.000 kuri dogere 25 mubihe bigenzurwa.
Ubushobozi bwo kwishyuza byihuse byerekana indi nyungu ishoboka. Electrolytite ikomeye irashobora gushigikira mubyukuri ubucucike buriho, bigatuma 10-80% yishyurwa muminota 10 yo gusaba ibinyabiziga.
Inganda n'ibibazo
Batteri zikomeye - zikomeza kuba 8x zihenze kubyara kuruta lithium - ion guhera mu 2024.Ibiciro byibikoresho bya electrolytite ikomeye birenze cyane ubundi buryo bwamazi, kandi nibikorwa byo gukora bisaba ibikoresho kabuhariwe bidakwiranye na lithium isanzwe - ion.
Ibibazo bya tekiniki bikomeje kubaho muburyo bwa electrolytite mugihe cyo kwishyuza. Impinduka zingana mubikoresho bya electrode bitera guhangayika, kongera imbaraga zo kurwanya no gutesha agaciro igihe. Ubwubatsi bwa interineti hagati ya electrolyte ikomeye na electrode bisaba kurushaho kunozwa.
Ionic itwara electrolytite ikomeye mubushyuhe bwicyumba iracyari inyuma ya electrolytite yamazi muri chimisties zimwe na zimwe, nubwo ibyagezweho vuba hamwe na sodium - bishingiye kuri electrolytite ikomeye byageze ku cyerekezo kimwe cyubunini burenze ubwinshi bwa sodium.
Gupima umusaruro wubucuruzi byerekana ingorane hafi ya - imbogamizi. Toyota yafatanije na Idemitsu Kosan gukora bateri za leta zikomeye - guhera mu 2028. Ingufu z’inganda zafunguye uruganda rukora Massachusetts mu 2023, rwohereza selile 100 Ah icyitegererezo muri Mercedes - Benz. Umusaruro nyawo ushobora kugaragara nyuma ya 2030.
Biteganijwe Porogaramu na Igihe
Ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi byerekana isoko yibanze aho ubwinshi bwingufu numutekano byerekana ibiciro bihendutse. Batteri zikomeye - zishobora gukuraho impungenge zingana mugihe kugabanya ibiro byimodoka no kuzamura umutekano wimpanuka.
Porogaramu yo kubika gride irashobora gukoresha tekinoloji ya leta - nyuma yikiguzi kiri munsi ya lithium - ion parion - birashoboka muri 2030. Ikoranabuhanga ntirisobanutse neza kububiko buhagaze aho uburemere nubunini buke ugereranije nigiciro kuri kilowati.
Ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byabaguzi birashobora kubona mbere kwakirwa mubikoresho bihebuje aho ingano nini hamwe n’umutekano wategekaga ibiciro. Ibikoresho byimukanwa, drone, hamwe nubuvuzi byashoboraga gukoresha ibyiza - inyungu za leta mbere ya gride - yoherejwe.
Ubundi Burebure - Ikoreshwa ryububiko bwigihe
Tekinoroji nyinshi zigenda zigaragara ku isoko ryigihe 8+ amasaha aho lithium - ion ubukungu bwifashe nabi hamwe na hydro pompe ihura nimbogamizi.
Ububiko bwo mu kirere bwifunitse (CAES)
Sisitemu ya CAES ihagarika umwuka mubuvumo bwo munsi mugihe cya - mugihe cyimpera, hanyuma ikarekura ikoresheje turbine kugirango ibisekuruza. Urugomero rw'amashanyarazi rwa McIntosh muri Alabama rugaragaza imbaraga z'ubucuruzi ku gipimo cy'ingirakamaro.
Impuzandengo rusange yisi yose igura $ 293 / kWh munsi ya lithium - ion mugihe kirekire. Nyamara, imiterere ikwiye ya geologiya igabanya aho yoherejwe. Ubuvumo bwumunyu, imirima ya gaze yatakaye, hamwe nubutare bukomeye bitanga igitutu gikenewe hamwe nububiko.
Sisitemu ya kijyambere ya adiabatic CAES ifata kandi igakoresha ubushyuhe bwo kwikuramo, bikazamura imikorere kugeza 70-80% na 50-60% kubishushanyo mbonera bya diabati. Muri sisitemu nziza yo kubika ingufu, tekinoroji ya CAES igezweho itanga imikorere ihanitse kandi yoroheje. Amazi yo mu kirere abika ingufu (LAES) akoresha ububiko bwa kirogenike aho gukoresha ubuvumo, bikuraho inzitizi za geologiya mugihe wongeyeho ubukonje bukabije.
Ububiko bw'ingufu z'ubushyuhe (TES)
Sisitemu ya TES ibika ingufu nkubushyuhe cyangwa ubukonje mubikoresho nkumunyu ushongeshejwe, urubura, cyangwa bloks zikomeye. Iri koranabuhanga ryageze ku kigereranyo cyo hasi y’igiciro cy’amadorari $ 232 / kWt ku isi yose ukurikije isesengura rya BNEF rikubiyemo ibyoherejwe muri 2018-2024.
Sisitemu yumunyu ushizwemo nizuba ryumuriro wizuba utanga ububiko bwamasaha 8-15. Amazi akora akubye kabiri nko guhererekanya ubushyuhe nibikoresho byo kubika, koroshya igishushanyo cya sisitemu. Imikorere iri hagati ya 70-90% bitewe nubushyuhe butandukanye nubuziranenge bwubwishingizi.
Urubura - ububiko bushingiye ku gukonjesha bigabanya ingufu z'amashanyarazi ukonjesha amazi mugihe cyo guhagarika -. Inganda zikoreshwa munganda zifite imitwaro ikomeye yubushyuhe bungukirwa nubushobozi bwa TES bwo kubika no kurekura ubushyuhe bwinshi mugihe kinini.
Ingufu za Batiri ya CO2 ya ingufu Dome ikoresha ibyuka bya karuboni ya dioxyde de fonction yo kubika, bigatuma iba imwe muri sisitemu nziza yo kubika ingufu zikoreshwa mugihe giciriritse -. Imishinga yo kwerekana muri Sardinia igamije ubushobozi bwa MWh 200, kandi sisitemu isezeranya ibiciro biri munsi ya lithium - ion yo gukoresha amasaha 4-24.
Imbaraga rukuruzi - Ububiko bushingiye
Sisitemu yo kubika Gravity itwara imbaga iremereye mugihe cyo kwishyuza, hanyuma ukayimanura ukoresheje generator mugihe cyo gusohora. Ingufu za Vault Crane {{1} approach uburyo bushingiye hamwe na sisitemu ya shaft ya Gravitricity yerekana igitekerezo.
Igiciro cy’imari yagereranije $ 643 / kWh - hejuru cyane mu buhanga burebure - ubushakashatsi bwakozwe. Ubworoherane bwa mashini hamwe nubuzima burebure (50+ imyaka) bihagarika ishoramari ryo hejuru. Uruzinduko - gukora neza rugera kuri 80-85% hamwe no kwangirika gake hejuru ya miriyoni zinzira.
Kohereza kugarukira kuriki gihe bituma ibiciro nibikorwa biteganijwe. Ikoranabuhanga rihuye n’ibikorwa remezo bihari nkibiti byacukuwe aho kuba iterambere ryicyatsi.
Isoko ryo mu karere Ibikorwa hamwe nuburyo bwo kohereza
Itandukaniro rya geografiya mubiciro, politiki, nibikoresho byerekana uburyo bwo guhitamo ikoranabuhanga.
Ubushinwa bwiganje mu gukora no kohereza
Ubushinwa bwashyizeho GW 36 yo kubika bateri muri 2024-hejuru ya kimwe cya kabiri cyiyongera ku isi. Ibiciro bikaze biterwa no gukora ubushobozi burenze urugero no guhatana gukabije mu gihugu byatumye igiciro cyo kugurisha kigera ku madolari 101 / kWt na $ 236 / kWt muri Amerika.
Politiki ya leta ishyigikira umwuka uhumanye, ubushyuhe, na pompe hydro kubikwa igihe kirekire -. Ubushinwa buteza imbere gigawatt - amasaha manini muri tekinoroji mugihe ibindi bihugu bikiri mubucuruzi bwambere. Nyamara, lithium nkeya cyane - bateri ya ion igura ikibazo niba tekinoroji ya - lithium LDES ishobora guhatanira igihe kirekire imbere mu gihugu -.
Iterambere ry’isoko muri Amerika
Ibikorwa byo muri Amerika byageze kuri 13 GW mu 2024, 61% byibanda muri Texas na California. Itegeko ryo kugabanya ifaranga ritanga inguzanyo z’imisoro mu gukora bateri yo mu gihugu no kohereza ibicuruzwa, bikurura miliyari zisaga 80 z'amadolari y'ishoramari.
Impungenge z'umutekano w’umuriro zakajije umurego nyuma yibyabaye birimo ikigo cya Moss Landing. Kongera kwibanda kuri sisitemu yo kuzimya umuriro no gucunga ubushyuhe birashobora kuzamura ibiciro ariko bikazamura imyemerere yabaturage nubukungu bwubwishingizi.
Politiki y’ibiciro by’Amerika kuri bateri y'Ubushinwa itanga amahirwe yo guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga rya LDES. Bateri zitemba, ibyuma - sisitemu zo mu kirere, hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga ritari - rya lithium ryakira ishoramari nkibisubizo by’ibiciro - byagize ingaruka ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga.
Ibibazo byo Kwishyira hamwe kwi Burayi
Uburayi bwongeyeho GW 10 yo kubika batiri mu 2024, iyobowe n’Ubudage 2+ GW. Sisitemu yo hejuru igura $ 275 / kWh impuzandengo yerekana kwishingikiriza kumasoko yatumijwe hamwe nibigize.
Guhuza imiyoboro ihura n’ibibazo bituruka ku bushobozi buke bwo kohereza no kwambuka bigoye - amasoko y’amashanyarazi ku mipaka. Ubudage bwinjira cyane (57% mugice cya mbere 2024) butuma hakenerwa ububiko bwo gucunga imiyoboro ya gride no kunoza uburyo bwo kohereza ibintu.
Inganda z’i Burayi zihatira abafata ibyemezo kubushake bujyanye n’inkunga yo kugabanya ifaranga ry’Amerika. Amabwiriza yo gutunganya bateri hamwe nibisabwa kugirango habeho gukorera mu mucyo uburyo bwo guhitamo ikoranabuhanga rirambye.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kubika butanga igiciro gito cyo gutunga?
Igiciro cyose giterwa cyane nigihe cyo gusohora nigihe cyinshuro. Kuri 2 - amasaha 4 yumunsi wo gusiganwa ku magare, lithium-ion kuri ubu itanga igiciro gito kuri $ 165-236 / kWt bitewe nakarere. Kubika 8+ isaha hamwe na bike yo gusiganwa ku magare, hydro pompe itanga ubukungu bwiza nubwo ibiciro biri hejuru. Batteri zitemba zirushanwe mumasaha 6-12 aho inyungu zo kuramba zigabanya igiciro kinini.
Niki cyerekana niba lithium - ion cyangwa bateri zitemba zikora neza kumushinga runaka?
Ibisabwa igihe bimara iki cyemezo. Imishinga ikeneye amasaha 2 - amasaha 4 yo kubika itonesha lithium - ion igiciro gito cyo gushora hamwe nibirenge byoroshye. Porogaramu isaba 8+ amasaha yo gusohora buri munsi yungukirwa na bateri yimbere yubuzima bwikurikiranya no kwangirika gukabije. Ingingo yambukiranya iboneka mugihe cyamasaha 6, nubwo igabanuka ryibiciro bya lithium-ion bihindura iyi mbibi mugihe kirekire.
Nigute imyirondoro yumutekano igereranya muburyo bwa tekinoroji yo kubika?
Bateri zitemba hamwe na hydro pompe bitera ingaruka nke zumuriro bitewe namazi - yaka umuriro. Sisitemu ya Litiyumu - cyane cyane chimie ya LiFePO4, yazamuye umutekano cyane binyuze muri sisitemu yo gucunga bateri no kugenzura ubushyuhe, nubwo guhunga ubushyuhe bikomeza bishoboka. Batiyeri zikomeye - za batiri zisezeranya ibishushanyo mbonera byizewe mugukuraho amashanyarazi yaka umuriro. Ubwubatsi bukwiye, kugenzura, no kuzimya umuriro bituma ikoranabuhanga iryo ariryo ryose ryakoreshwa neza hamwe nubwitonzi bukwiye.
Ese bateri zikomeye - izasimbuza lithium - ion yo kubika gride?
Ntabwo ari mubihe biri imbere. Ikoranabuhanga rikomeye - ryibanda kuri porogaramu aho ubwinshi bwingufu n'umutekano byerekana ibiciro bihendutse - cyane cyane ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi. Ububiko bwa gride bushyira imbere ikiguzi kuri kilowati kurenza uburemere nubunini, bigatuma - leta 8x yo hejuru yo gukora ibicuruzwa bibujijwe. Leta ikomeye - leta irashobora guhatanira porogaramu ya grid nyuma ya 2030 niba umunzani wo gukora ugabanya cyane ibiciro, ariko lithium - ion ikomeza gutera imbere icyarimwe.
Ibintu Byingenzi byo Guhitamo Kubintu Bitandukanye Gukoresha Imanza
Ububiko bw'ingufu zo guturamo (5-20 kWh)
Ba nyir'amazu bashyira imbere ingano yoroheje, umutekano, no kwishyira hamwe n'izuba ryo hejuru. Litiyumu - ion, cyane cyane chimie ya LiFePO4, yiganje kuri iri soko binyuze mu bicuruzwa nka Tesla Powerwall na Batiri ya Enphase IQ. Sisitemu igura $ 6.000-23,000 yashyizweho bitewe nubushobozi.
Ibyingenzi byingenzi birimo gusubiramo imbaraga zigihe cyigihe cyo kubura, guhuza na sisitemu y'amashanyarazi ariho, hamwe na garanti. Sisitemu nyinshi zo guturamo zitanga amasaha 2 - amasaha 4 yuzuye - gusubira inyuma murugo cyangwa 8 - amasaha 12 yimitwaro yingenzi. Politiki yo gupima neza hamwe nigihe-cyo-gukoresha-bigira ingaruka cyane mubukungu.
Ubucuruzi n’inganda (50 kWh - 2 MWh)
Porogaramu yubucuruzi iringaniza ibiciro byamafaranga kugabanya ibicuruzwa bisabwa no kugarura agaciro. Litiyumu - ion ikomeza kwiganza nubwo inyungu za bateri zitemba ziyongera kubikoresho bisaba igihe kirekire cyo gusubira inyuma.
Igiciro kuri kilowati kigabanuka cyane hamwe nigihe cyose cyikoranabuhanga. 1.800 kWt, sisitemu yubucuruzi yamasaha 4 yunguka kuri iki gipimo, bigatuma igereranya ryigihe cyingirakamaro mugutezimbere igiciro cya sisitemu. Umuzenguruko umwe kumunsi ukeka utanga 16.7% yubushobozi bwa sisitemu yamasaha 4.
Akamaro - Ububiko bwa Gride nini (10+ MWh)
Porogaramu zingirakamaro zisaba igiciro cyo hasi kurwego rwo hejuru yimyaka 20-30. Guhitamo ikoranabuhanga biterwa ahanini na serivisi zitangwa: kugenzura inshuro, kugenzura ingufu, guhuza imbaraga, cyangwa gutanga ubushobozi.
Litiyumu - ion ikora kugenzura inshuro no guhinduranya amasaha 2-6. Impuzandengo yimishinga yiyongereye muri 2024 mugihe imikoreshereze yagiye ihinduka mugutanga ingufu ndende. Guhinduranya kumiterere ya 300Ah + selile bigabanya ibiciro mugihe kontineri 5 MWh + yongerera ingufu ingufu.
Amashanyarazi yavomye, bateri zitemba, hamwe na tekinoroji ya LDES igaragara 8+ amasaha yo gukoresha aho lithium - ion irwanira mubukungu. Ubutaka bwa geologiya, uburyo bwo kohereza, hamwe na politiki zaho bigira ingaruka nziza muburyo bwo guhitamo ikoranabuhanga nkibisobanuro bya tekinike.
Ahantu ho kubika ingufu hakomeje kwiyongera vuba. Ibiciro bya sisitemu byagabanutseho 40% muri 2024 honyine, hamwe no kugabanuka guteganijwe uko umunzani n’ikoranabuhanga bikuze. Nta tekinoroji yo kubika yiganje muri porogaramu zose - buriwese atanga inyungu zinyuranye kubibazo byihariye byakoreshejwe bisobanurwa nigihe cyigihe, inshuro zamagare, ibisabwa byumutekano, nimbogamizi zurubuga.
Inkomoko:
BloombergNEF Kubika Bateri Sisitemu Yubushakashatsi 2024
Laboratoire y'igihugu ishinzwe ingufu (NREL) Ikoranabuhanga rya buri mwaka Baseline 2024
Igiti Mackenzie Ikurikirana ry'ingufu zo muri Amerika Q 1 2025
Urungano rwinshi - rwasuzumye ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na ScienceDirect, IEEE, MDPI, na raporo ya IEA
Raporo yinganda ziva muri Volta Foundation, BNEF, na IRENA