Igishushanyo cy'ejo hazazalitiro - bateriigomba kuba ishobora kuzuza ibyifuzo byingufu - ingufu - ibikoresho bikoresha, nkibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi byera, gucomeka - mumashanyarazi avanze, hamwe na sisitemu yo kubika ingufu zihagaze. Kubikoresho bishya bya anode biri gutezwa imbere, ubushobozi nimwe mubyingenzi byerekana imikorere. Ukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo kwitwara, ibikoresho bimwe byabakandida bifite ubushobozi buhanitse burimo silikoni (Si), germanium (Ge), silicon monoxide (SiO), amabati (Sn), na oxyde yayo (SnOz), ifite ubushobozi busanzwe buva kuri 783 mA · g (kuri SnOz) kugeza kuri 4211 mA · h / g (kuri Si). Nubwo ibyo bikoresho bivangavanze byerekana ubushobozi bwihariye ugereranije na grafite gakondo (372 mA · bg) na lithium titanate (LTO, 175 mA · Ng), ihinduka ryijwi hamwe nubushobozi bwambere budasubirwaho bahura nabyo mugihe cyo kwishyuza no gusohora bigabanya ubuzima bwabo. Kugira ngo ibyo bibazo bikemuke, abashakashatsi bakoze ubushakashatsi ku ngamba zitandukanye, nko kugabanya ingano y’ibice kuri nanoscale no kugerageza kubaka sisitemu yibikoresho ikubiyemo ibintu bya lithium ikora cyangwa idakora. Muri ubu buryo, guhuza zahabu ikora ya lithium hamwe nibikoresho bivanze kugirango ikore buffer substrate yerekanaga ubushobozi mugutezimbere imikorere. Byongeye kandi, gukoresha morphologie zitandukanye za nanostructures, nka nanowire cyangwa nanotubes, byagaragaye kandi ko aribwo buryo bwiza bwo kugera kubikoresho byiza bya anode bihuza ubushobozi buke, imikorere myiza, hamwe nubuzima burebure.
Si - - Ibikoresho bya anode bishingiye kuri silicon
Silicon - ibikoresho bya anode bigizwe ahanini na silikoni yera, okiside ya silicon, hamwe na silicon / karubone. Bitewe nubushobozi bwabo buhanitse, kubungabunga ibidukikije, hamwe nubutunzi bwinshi, bafatwa nkuburyo bwiza bwo guhitamo - ibisekuru bikurikira - ingufu - ubucucike bwa lithium - anode ya batiri. Abashakashatsi b'Abashinwa ni bo ba mbere ku isi batanze igitekerezo cyo gukoresha silikoni ya nanoscale kuri litiro - ion. Urebye ubutunzi bwinshi bwa silicon hamwe nisi - bayobora ubushobozi bwa silicon yibanze, kongera ubushakashatsi niterambere ryiterambere kuri silicon - ibikoresho bishingiye kuri anode no kuyikoresha muri bateri ya lithium - ion bifite akamaro kanini mukumenya tekinoroji yingenzi ya batiri yo hejuru -.
Ugereranije nibikoresho gakondo bya grafite anode, silicon yerekana ubushobozi bwihariye bwo hejuru (4211 mA · h / g) hamwe nubushobozi buke bwo gutandukanya (0.5V). Ikigaragara ni uko silicon ikora ya voltage iri hejuru gato ya grafite. Igishushanyo 5 - 9 cyerekana gahunda ya atome yihariye muri kirisiti ya silicon. Mugihe cyo kwishyuza, gukoresha silikoni nka anode irashobora kugabanya isahani ya lithium, bityo bikazamura umutekano wa bateri. Byongeye kandi, silicon ni myinshi kandi ihendutse. Ariko, gukoresha silicon kuri lithium - ion ya bateri ya anode nayo igaragaza ibibazo. Nkibikoresho bya semiconductor, silicon ifite ubushobozi buke. Nyuma yo kwishyurwa inshuro nyinshi - gusohora inzinguzingo, ihinduka ryinshi ryatewe na lithium - ion kwinjiza no kurekura bishobora gutuma ibintu byangirika, bikagira ingaruka kumiterere yimiterere kandi birashobora gutuma habaho gutandukanya ibintu bifatika hamwe nuwakusanyije ubu, bikagira ingaruka zikomeye mubuzima bwa bateri. Byongeye kandi, uku kwaguka kwinshi nako kubangamira ishyirwaho rya firime - ya leta ya electrolyte ya interineti (SED) hejuru ya silicon. Gukwirakwiza icyarimwe silikoni yuzuye cyangwa ibiyigize muri matrike ya karubone birashobora kugabanya ibyo bibazo kurwego runaka: kuruhande rumwe, bizamura uburyo rusange bwa elegitoronike yibikoresho; kurundi ruhande, kuba karubone ifasha kugabanya imihangayiko iterwa nihinduka rya silicon, kugabanya ibyangiritse kumiterere ya electrode; icyarimwe, karubone irashobora guteza imbere imiterere ihamye ya firime ya SEI. Kubwibyo, ibikoresho byinshi bihuza ibyiza bya silikoni na karubone bifatwa nkumwe mubakandida beza ba anode kubakurikira - ibisekuru bikurikira - ingufu - ingufu za batiri za litiro-ion.
SiO
Usibye silikoni, monoxide ya silicon (SiO) nayo ifatwa nk'umukandida anode ya batiri ya lithium - ion kubera ubushobozi bwa teoretiki burenga 1600 mA · h / g. Byongeye kandi, lithium - guhuza umwuka wa ogisijeni bisobanura impinduka ntoya nimbaraga nke zo gukora mugihe cyo kwishyuza no gusohora. Ibishobora kuvamo amashanyarazi muri iki gikorwa harimo guhindura SiO kuri Si na LiO, hakurikiraho gushiraho silicon - lithium ivanze na Li; cyangwa kwibumbira mu buryo butaziguye silicon - lithium alloy na LixSiO2. Birashimishije kubona SiO ikomeye itajegajega idahungabana mubushyuhe ubwo aribwo bwose bityo irashobora kubora muri Si na SiO2 mubihe byihariye binyuze mubitekerezo bidahwitse. Kimwe na silicon, SiO ikora kwaguka kwinshi cyangwa kugabanuka mugihe cyo kwinjiza lithium no kuyikuramo. Byongeye kandi, SiO ifite ubushobozi buke, bigatuma lithium itinda - ion yinjira nigipimo cya egress. Kugira ngo ibyo bibazo bikemuke, byongere ubushobozi busubirwamo, kandi bitezimbere umutekano, abashakashatsi bakoze ubushakashatsi ku ngamba zitandukanye. Muri ibyo, tekinoroji ya carbone, kugabanya amashanyarazi ya lithium muri SiO, no kugabanya ingano ya SiO bifatwa nkuburyo bwiza cyane. By'umwihariko, iyo uhujwe nuduce duto hamwe na karubone, inzira yo gukwirakwiza ion ya lithium irashobora kugabanywa neza, mugihe bizamura imikorere ya electron na ion, bityo bigatsinda ibibazo bimaze kuvugwa.
GE
Ubudage bwashimishije cyane muri lithium - ion ya batiri anode yubushakashatsi bwibikoresho bitewe nubushobozi bwayo bwo kubika lithium (1623 mA · h / g) ku kigereranyo cya Liz2Ge5 ku gipimo cya stoichiometric ya Liz2Ge5 hamwe no kuyisubiramo no kuyikuramo. Nubwo germanium ihenze kuruta silikoni kandi ifite ubushobozi buke buke, ifite ibyiza byingenzi, nkumuyoboro wikubye inshuro 10,000 10,000 ya silicon hamwe nu ntera ya bande ya 0.67 eV gusa. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko ikwirakwizwa rya lithium ion muri germanium ryihuta inshuro 15 ugereranije na silicon kuri dogere 360 na 400 byihuta ku bushyuhe bwicyumba. Iyi mico itanga germanium nziza cyane - imikorere isohoka hamwe nuburyo bwo gutwara ibintu neza. Iyi mikorere yo hejuru - ningirakamaro cyane cyane mubisabwa bisaba ingufu za - ziva mumashanyarazi, nkibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi. Nyamara, kimwe na silikoni, germanium nayo ihura nikibazo cyo kwaguka kwijwi kugera kuri 300%, bikaba byarabaye inzitizi yo gukoreshwa kwayo muri bateri ya lithium - ion. Mugukoresha ibishushanyo mbonera nka nanoparticles, nanowires, cyangwa nanotubes, ingaruka mbi zimpinduka zijwi zirashobora kugabanuka neza, bityo bikazamura imikorere ya coulombic. Twabibutsa ko gutegura germanium nanoparticle - insimburangingo ya substrate ikoresheje uburyo bworoshye nka pyrolysis ya leta - irashobora kurushaho kunoza imikorere y’amashanyarazi ya electrode.
SnO2
Tin dioxyde (SnO2), yabanje gukorwa na Fujifilm, yakuruye abantu benshi nkibikoresho bya electrode mbi ya bateri ya lithium - ion kubera ubushobozi bwayo bwo hejuru hamwe na voltage ikora (hafi 0,6 eV, ugereranije na LiLi). Mubikorwa bya electrochemic reaction reaction, ibanza gutera intambwe igice kidasubirwaho, aho SnO2 igabanywa amabati (Sn) na oxyde ya lithium (LiO); nyuma, icyiciro gisubirana kibaho, kirimo gushiraho no kubora amabati - lithium alloy. Mubyukuri, buri mole ya SnO2 irashobora kwitwara hamwe na 8.4 mol ya litiro, ihuye nubushobozi bwa 1491 mA · h / g. Nyamara, ukurikije ihinduka rito ryibisubizo byambere byo kugabanuka, mubikorwa bifatika, gusa ubushobozi bukomeye bwatanzwe nigikorwa cyakurikiyeho cyo gukurura / gusiba - hafi 783 mA · h / g - mubisanzwe birasuzumwa, kandi agaciro gakoreshwa nkubushobozi bufatika bwibikoresho bya SnO2. Byongeye kandi, mugihe cyo kwishyurwa - gusohora ibintu, ibi bikoresho bigenda byiyongera cyane (hejuru ya 200%), biganisha ku gutakaza ubushobozi bukabije. Kugira ngo ibyo bigerweho, abashakashatsi biyemeje kunoza umukino wo gusiganwa ku magare wa SnO2 no kugabanya gutakaza ubushobozi budasubirwaho bitewe n’imihindagurikire y’ijwi binyuze mu buryo butandukanye.